Extract of Research Conducted in Mexico on Nafta by Dr. Said El Mansour Cherkaoui and Published in the Connection at Golden Gate University, August – December 1993
The following interview took place way before the signing of the Treaty on North American Free Trade Agreement. I have met with Cuauhtémoc Cardenas in California, Mexico City and Paris and maintained with him a correspondence through letters sent to his home in Mexico City. This interview was conducted in Spanish and later on translated in French given the US driven academic and media outlets did not support the views that were questioning the validity of the NAFTA for the development of Mexico or the respect of the Mexican Workers Rights.
During my return – visit to France for my Doctoral Submission at the Sorbonne University – Institut des Hautes Etudes de l’Amérique Latine, I received one of the most welcoming reception and generous and treatment by my colleague Mona Huerta a researcher at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique who proposed to me to have the following interview to be published by a research group from Paris – Lyon, a Network of Researchers who are specialized on Mexico and Latin America.
Latin America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Peru
Extract: Rooted in history, the BRI carries forward the Silk Road spirit
At around 140 BC during China’s Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian, a royal emissary, made a journey to the West from Chang’an (present-day Xi’an in Shaanxi Province), opening an overland route linking the East and the West. Centuries later, in the years of the Tang, Song and Yuan dynasties, silk routes boomed both over land and at sea, facilitating trade between the East and the West. In the early 15th century, Zheng He, the famous Chinese navigator of the Ming Dynasty, made seven voyages to the Western Seas, which boosted trade along the maritime silk routes.
For thousands of years the ancient silk routes served as major arteries of interaction, spanning the valleys of the Nile, the Tigris and Euphrates, the Indus and Ganges, and the Yellow and Yangtze rivers. They connected the birthplaces of the Egyptian, Babylonian, Indian and Chinese civilizations, the lands of the believers of Buddhism, Christianity and Islam, and the homes of peoples of different nationalities and races. These routes increased connectivity among countries on the Eurasian continent, facilitated exchanges and mutual learning between Eastern and Western civilizations, boosted regional development and prosperity, and shaped the Silk Road spirit characterized by peace and cooperation, openness and inclusiveness, mutual learning and mutual benefit.
Presentation and Introduction by Said El Mansour Cherkaoui – 10/20/23
The BRIC acronym was created in 2001 by Jim O’Neill, a Goldman Sachs economist. The BRIC countries were established in 2014. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was established in 2014 by the BRIC countries.
The BRIC acronym stands for fast-growing economies that O’Neill predicted would dominate the global economy by 2050. The BRIC countries were formalized in 2006 during the first BRIC Foreign Ministers’ Meeting in New York City. The first BRIC summit was held in Yekaterinburg, Russia on June 16, 2009. The BRIC countries became a formal institution in 2010.
President Putin Xi Jinping and the Belt and Road Initiative – BRI
Xi Jinping is the 7th President of the People’s Republic of China and the 18–20th General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party. He has been the paramount leader of China since 2012. He has made 42 international trips to 69 countries. Xi Jinping was born on June 15, 1953. He is also the chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC).
In March 2013, President Xi Jinping proposed the vision of a global community of shared future. In September, President Xi Jinping announced the BRI in September 2013 during his visit to Kazakhstan and in October that year, he raised the initiatives of joining with others to build a Silk Road Economic Belt and a 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (Belt and Road Initiative, or BRI).
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a massive infrastructure of China global development strategy based on economic development projects. It was originally devised to link East Asia and Europe through physical infrastructure. The BRI has poured hundreds of billions of dollars to power the construction of: Bridges, Ports, Highways, Power plants, Telecoms projects. The BRI has been used in Asia, Latin America, Africa, and parts of Europe.
“The Belt and Road Initiative is a creative development that takes on and carries forward the spirit of the ancient silk routes – two of the great achievements in human history and civilization. It enriches the ancient spirit with the zeitgeist and culture of the new era, and provides a platform for building a global community of shared future.
Since its launch 10 years ago, thanks to the combined efforts of all parties, cooperation under the BRI framework has expanded beyond the borders of China to become an international effort. It has evolved from ideas into actions, from a vision into reality, and from a general framework into concrete projects. It has been welcomed by the international community both as a public good and a cooperation platform, and has achieved solid results ensuring that the efforts of building a global community of shared future deliver
Over the past decade, BRI cooperation has delivered real gains to participating countries. It has contributed to the sound development of economic globalization and helped to resolve global development challenges and improve the global governance system. It has also opened up a new path for all humanity to realize modernization, and ensured that the efforts of building a global community of shared future are delivering real results.”
As of August 2023, 155 countries had signed up to the BRI. The participating countries include almost 75% of the world’s population and account for more than half of the world’s GDP. The BRI’s goal is to invest in more than 150 countries and international organizations. The BRI’s planned completion date is 2049. The BRI started as a program for Chinese companies to build transportation, energy, and other infrastructure overseas. The BRI is funded by Chinese development bank loans.
Xi Jinping and Vladimir Putin Road of Friendship
Russian leader Vladimir Putin was given the red carpet treatment at a global summit in Beijing, as China and Russia deepen their solidarity. Hosted by China’s President Xi Jinping, the meeting celebrated 10 years of his signature foreign and economic policy, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
President Putin was the Guest of Honor at the 2023 Belt and Road Forum was held in Beijing, China.
In an interview with Chinese state media on Monday, October 16, 2023, Putin said Xi “calls me his friend, and I call him my friend.”
The Russian president added that there is a saying, “Tell me who your friend is, and I will tell you who you are.” He went on: “Therefore, if I now praise Chairman Xi Jinping, I will feel somehow uncomfortable – it’s like I’m praising myself. So I’ll try to be objective.”
Putin described his Chinese counterpart as “one of the recognized world leaders” who does not “make a momentary decision based on some current situation, he assesses the situation, analyzes and looks into the future.”
Russian President Putin Promoting the Belt and Road Initiative
Putin Praising the Belt and Road Initiative following the in-depth talks talk that Putin and Xi shared together on October 18, 2023. In the Russian president’s speech at the forum, he praised Xi for the successes of the Belt and Road Initiative, saying: “Our Chinese friends did it.”
Speaking to 1,000 delegates representing over 130 countries, Putin said he agreed with Chinese President Xi Jinping that the Belt and Road idea “folds logically within multilateral efforts” to increase global cooperation. “In the European part of Russia, we form an international north-south corridor.
President Vladimir Putin on Wednesday praised Chinese President Xi Jinping for the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and invited global investment in the Northern Sea route which he said could deepen trade between east and west.
Speaking on his second known trip outside the former Soviet Union since the Ukraine war, Putin thanked the Chinese leader for his invitation and said Russia could play a key role in China’s modern day revival of the ancient Silk Road.
China’s success was “really important for us,” he added. “Russia and China, like most countries of the world, share the desire for equal, mutually beneficial cooperation in order to achieve universal sustainable and long-term economic progress and social well-being, while respecting the diversity of civilization and the right of each state to its own development model.”
Family photo of President Xi Jinping, Madame Peng Liyuan and foreign leaders with their spouses attending the Third #BeltandRoadForum for International Cooperation. pic.twitter.com/BZbWgGQxaB
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a Chinese infrastructure development strategy that aims to connect Asia, Africa, and Europe through land and maritime networks. The BRI was launched in 2013 by President Xi Jinping. The planned completion date is 2049. The BRI includes the Silk Road Economic Belt for the land part and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road for the naval part. The BRI has invested in more than 150 countries and over 30 international organizations.
The BRI’s goals include:
The BRI’s five major goals are: Policy coordination, Facilities connectivity, Unimpeded trade, Financial integration, People-to-people bond.
Improving regional integration
Increasing trade
Stimulating economic growth
Building connectivity and cooperation across six main economic corridors
Creating jobs
Lifting people out of poverty
The BRI involves China financing billions of dollars of investment in roads, railways, and other infrastructure across Eurasia and Africa. China claims the BRI has created 420,000 jobs and lifted 40 million people out of poverty.
The BRI is also known as the One Belt One Road (OBOR). It involves investing in more than 150 countries and international organizations.
Some countries that are part of the BRI include: Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burundi.
Criticism of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
The United States has criticized the BRI, with President Biden calling it a “debt and noose agreement”. The US opposition to the BRI is commonly understood as a competition between the two powers for economic advantage and international influence. The European Union and the United States have their own development schemes, known as B3W “Build Back Better” and “Globally Connected Europe”.
The BRI has been controversial since its inception. Some of the opposition to the BRI includes:
India has strongly opposed the BRI, particularly the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). India sees the BRI as a violation of its sovereignty and territorial integrity.
Debt crises: Some countries that have experienced debt crises have opposed the BRI.
Corruption: A survey found that 35% of BRI projects were struggling with corruption, labor violations, environmental pollution, and public protests.
Predatory lending: The BRI has been surrounded by controversies, including alleged predatory lending and crippling debt.
Some analysts see the BRI as a disturbing expansion of Chinese power. US military leaders have sharply criticized the BRI. Former defense secretary Jim Mattis said, “In a globalized world, there are many belts and many roads, and no one nation should put itself into a position of dictating ‘one belt, one road’”.
The US has been critical of the BRI for almost a decade. The US has been using investments, loan programs, public-private partnerships, and technical assistance to counter the BRI. The Biden-Harris administration announced an infrastructure financing mechanism for low- and middle-income countries. The US also plans to invest in five to 10 large infrastructure projects around the world.
The US wants to pressure China to change its BRI practices and provide an alternative that promotes sustainable infrastructure and high environmental and anticorruption standards. The US and its partners revealed an economic corridor linking India, the Middle East, and Europe.
We offer and provide you with News, Analysis, Reports, Research, and Articles based on more than 30 years of hard and proven track records of scholarship, mentorship, leadership, and worship of knowledge-based insights, innovative know-how, intelligently driven perspectives, and focused building competencies in several areas of local, regional and international business, socio-economics, strategic policies and operations management from diverse, different and similar fields of studies and domains of interests for improving any structure, project, decision or relationship for those who can make change and difference around them and for themselves and acting in identical situations.
Find here and read below a glimpse into such interactions and definitions of efficient and adaptable solutions:
Ma Recherche au CREDAL-CNRS et Ma These a IHEAL – Sorbonne, Paris
J’ai développé et publié cette recherche:
La relation ambivalente entre l’Etat fédéral et les groupes d’intérêts privés au Brésil dans la première moitié du XXème siècle / Said El Mansour Cherkaoui.
Paris : Institut des Haute Etudes de l’Amérique Latine, [1985] – Laboratoire Associé au CNRS UA 111.
A travers l’initiation de cette recherche durant la fin des années de 1979-1983, j’ai effectivement découvert que la population de Fortaleza Mazagão fut transférée au Para via les Acores.
Cette publication fut réalisée dans les Cahiers du CREDAL (Prédécesseur du CREDA) dans le Laboratoire 111 Associé au CNRS et membre intégrant de l’Institut des Hautes Etudes de l’Amérique Latine, 28 Rue Saint Guillaume, Paris ou je conduis ma propre recherche doctorale et j’ai soutenu ma Thèse au sein de l’Université de Sorbonne:
Le Capitalisme se réinvente a travers le Subcapitalisme, la théorie que j’ai crée au sein de l’Institut de Recherches Economiques et de Planification, Université de Grenoble et défendu au cours de la soutenance de ma thèse de doctorat dans l’enceinte de l’Université de Sorbonne of Paris III : Sorbonne Nouvelle dont l’intitulée et le résumé sont ::
Intitulée de la Thèse:
Économie politique du subcapitalisme en Amérique latine (1830-1930) : Argentine, Brésil, Chili, Pérou Université Paris III, Sorbonne Nouvelle. Institut des Hautes Études de l’Amérique latine. 1992.
Localisation : Centre Technique Livre Ens. Sup. ; Paris3-BU
La période de l’étude se situe entre 1830 et 1930 dont le choix fut déterminé par les transformations connues par l’Amérique latine durant ce siècle. L’Argentine, le Brésil, le Chili et le Pérou furent parmi les pays les plus marqués par une intégration d’ordre libéral dans le marché financier et commercial international et par une diversification relative des termes de la collaboration de leurs États et leurs classes oligarchiques et dirigeantes avec les tenants des finances internationales.
La formulation du nouveau concept sur le développement subcapitaliste et de la théorie sur le subcapitalisme fut élaboré sur l’analyse des causes et des conséquences de l’internationalisation du capital sous la forme de la dette extérieure et de l’investissement direct étranger. Une critique des concepts de développement capitaliste, de retard économique, d’absence de capital et de marché dans les pays d’Amérique latine et dans ceux demeurés dans une mouvance coloniale est conduite à travers une analyse critique des travaux de Paul Baran et surtout ceux d’André Gunder Frank.
Le subcapitalisme complète le capitalisme pour former une économie mondiale hiérarchisée, inégale et homogène.
Économie / Histoire / Capitalisme / Investissement / Dette extérieure / Développement / Commerce international / Analyse comparative / Argentine / Chili / Pérou / États-Unis / Grande-Bretagne / Amérique latine / Siècle 19 / Siècle 20.
Edito IHEAL-CREDA at Campus Condorcet: let’s make Paris bigger ! By Capucine Boidin and Olivier Compagnon Leaving rue Saint-Guillaume and its garden is obviously not easy. Because we know exactly what we’re losing, but we don’t quite know yet what we’ll gain. Nevertheless: for the nostalgia of the heart of Paris, let’s substitute the energy of Greater Paris! Certainly the historic building of IHEAL and CREDA was well located, close to the embassies, the House of Latin America and the Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs, in one of the richest neighborhoods of the capital. In Aubervilliers and Saint-Denis, on the contrary, we will be surrounded by young people in full swing and a territory in transformation where everything remains to be done. An area of artistic creation, technological innovations, social experimentation and sports practices. Admittedly, we are leaving a central, chic and prestigious address to join a peripheral and marginalized district that is emerging from the ground at this very moment. And we can read the move of the humanities and social sciences to Aubervilliers as a setting aside from the centers of power.Read more ConnecCaribbean in ColombiaZoom on the article published by the Universidad del Magdalena about the interventions of Alejandro Gómez and Anna Schmit within the framework of the ConnecCaribbean project .What ‘s new at IHEAL-CREDAInstitutional lifeCapucine Boidin was elected director of IHEAL on Thursday 13 June. Professor of anthropology and co-editor of the Cahiers des Amériques latines , she coordinated an ANR project on the Amerindian languages of South America and is preparing a book entitled Des mots guarani dans l’histoire (XVI-XIX) .Institutional and scientific life Find the IHEAL and CREDA YouTube page at this link .Annual closure of the rue Saint-Guillaume building Due to the summer holidays, the IHEAL, the CREDA and the Pierre Monbeig library will be closed to the public from July 19, 2019 .Back to school 2019-2020 Welcome to students admitted to IHEAL! A pre-start day will take place on Tuesday, September 17, 2019.Discover the latest acquisitions from the Pierre Monbeig libraryInterventions by IHEAL and CREDA researchers in the mediaDamián Gallardo Martínez, human rights defender, visiting ParisDo not missJuly 18, 2019 Pensar el Caribe desde Costa Rica: Una mirada a tres autores caribeños
Édito L’IHEAL-CREDA au Campus Condorcet : agrandissons Paris ! Par Capucine Boidin et Olivier Compagnon Quitter la rue Saint-Guillaume et son jardin n’est évidemment pas chose facile. Car nous savons exactement ce que nous perdons, mais nous ne savons pas encore tout à fait ce que nous gagnerons. Il n’empêche : à la nostalgie du cœur de Paris, substituons l’énergie du grand Paris ! Certes le bâtiment historique de l’IHEAL et du CREDA était bien situé, à deux pas des ambassades, de la Maison de l’Amérique latine et du ministère de l’Europe et des Affaires étrangères, dans l’un des quartiers les plus riches de la capitale. À Aubervilliers et Saint-Denis, au contraire, nous serons entourés par une jeunesse en pleine ébullition et un territoire en transformation où tout reste à faire. Une zone de création artistique, d’innovations technologiques, d’expérimentations sociales et de pratiques sportives. Certes nous quittons une adresse centrale, chic et prestigieuse pour rejoindre un quartier périphérique et marginalisé qui sort de terre en ce moment-même. Et on peut lire le déplacement des sciences humaines et sociales à Aubervilliers comme une mise à l’écart des centres du pouvoir. Mais on peut aussi bien le voir comme un agrandissement de Paris puisque le campus Condorcet fait partie du Grand Paris ou, plus exactement, fait le Grand Paris et en construit la centralité comme ses nouveaux périmètres.Lire la suite ConnecCaribbean en ColombieZoom sur l’article publié par l’Universidad del Magdalena au sujet des interventions d’Alejandro Gómez et d’Anna Schmit dans le cadre du projet ConnecCaribbean.Quoi de neuf à l’IHEAL-CREDAVie institutionnelleCapucine Boidin a été élue directrice de l’IHEAL jeudi 13 juin. Professeure d’anthropologie et co-rédactrice en chef des Cahiers des Amériques latines, celle-ci a coordonné un projet ANR sur les langues amérindiennes d’Amérique du Sud et prépare un ouvrage intitulé Des mots guarani dans l’histoire (XVI-XIX).Vie institutionnelle et scientifique Retrouvez la page YouTube de l’IHEAL et du CREDA à ce lien.Fermeture annuelle du bâtiment de la rue Saint-Guillaume En raison des congés d’été, l’IHEAL, le CREDA et la bibliothèque Pierre Monbeig seront fermés au public à partir du 19 juillet 2019.Rentrée 2019-2020 Bienvenue aux étudiant.e.s admis.e.s à l’IHEAL ! Une journée de pré-rentrée aura lieu mardi 17 septembre 2019.Découvrez les dernières acquisitions de la bibliothèque Pierre MonbeigInterventions des chercheurs de l’IHEAL et du CREDA dans les médiasDamián Gallardo Martínez, défenseur des droits humains, en visite à ParisÀ ne pas manquer18 juillet 2019 Pensar el Caribe desde Costa Rica: Una mirada a tres autores caribeños
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui – The structural causes of the Gulf crisis and the quest for a peaceful solution in the Middle East- La Comunità Internazionale, Società Italiana Organizzazione Internazionale … 1991
La relation ambivalente entre l’État fédéral et les grands groupes d’intérêts privés au Brésil dans la première moitié du XXème siècle, Centre de Recherche et Documentation Sur l’Amerique Latine 1985 – https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ZLLGYcoAAAAJ&hl=en
Sudamerica América do Sul South America Amérique du Sud – Said El Mansour Cherkaoui on Latin America Sudamerica América do Sul. Read More: https://moroccodigitall.com/south-america/
AMERICAS
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui August 5, 2022 – AMERICAS North-Central America South America Recent Reports & Publications.
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui August 5, 2022 – Publication of Research Conducted by Said El Mansour Cherkaoui at the Golden Gate University Review Magazine, San Francisco Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Research Extract on North American Free Trade… Read More https://moroccodigitall.com/north-central-america/
Atlantic Council 96,034 followers #UkraineAlert – While NATO poses no plausible security threat to Russia, it does create major obstacles for Russian imperialism, writes Peter Dickinson ?????…
New World Economic Individualization End of Globalization by the Acceptation of State Subsidization National Security, Supply-Chain Resiliency and Technology Leadership. Emergence of World Economic Individualization, …
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Oakland California – USA 15 Janvier 2021 Work and Research by Said El Mansour Cherkaoui on Latin America L’Accord de libre-échange nord-américain…
By Austin Dean published originally at this link of the Ohio State University, Stanton Foundation Editor’s Note Many Americans, apparently, are really angry at China right…
by Said El Mansour Cherkaoui – cherkaouijournal@gmail.com Updated 5/26/2023 Dear Readers and Friends It is our pleasure to share with you this Dossier – Analytical Study…
Liberalism for National Capitalism and Protectionism for International Trade Originally posted October 25, 2018, 9:00 am “Laissez faire!”, said the champions of liberalism in the…
JUNE 17, 2023, 7:00 AM
Editors’ Note: The following is adapted from a TED Talk. Another version of this speech appears on the website GZERO Media.
Who runs the world?
This used to be an easy question to answer. If you’re over 45, you grew up in a world dominated by two superpowers. The United States and its allies set the rules on one side of the Berlin Wall, while the Soviet Union called the shots on the other. Nearly every other country had to align its political, economic, and security systems with one side or the other. That was a bipolar world.
Then, in 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed, leaving the United States as the world’s sole superpower. The U.S. dictated outcomes both through its dominant role in international organizations and by exerting raw power. That was a unipolar world.
About 15 years ago, the world changed again—and it got more complicated. The United States became less interested in being the world’s police officer, the architect of global trade, and even the cheerleader of global values. Other countries, getting more powerful, were increasingly able to ignore rules they didn’t like and, occasionally, set some themselves.
That’s a “G-Zero” world: a nonpolar world without global leaders.
Three things happened to cause this geopolitical recession, when the global architecture no longer lines up with the underlying balance of power.
First, Russia wasn’t brought into the Western-led international order. Now a former great power in serious decline, Russia has become extremely angry and sees the West as its primary adversary on the global stage. Whether most of the blame for this lies with the United States and its allies or with Russia, the fact is that is where we are.
Second, China was brought into U.S.-led institutions—but on the presumption that as the Chinese became more integrated, wealthy, and powerful, they would also become more American (i.e., a free-market democracy willing to become a responsible stakeholder in the U.S.-led order and play by the rules without wanting to change them). As it turns out, they’re still Chinese—and the United States is not ready to accept that.
And third, the United States and its allies ignored the tens of millions of their own citizens who felt left behind by globalization. Their grievances were further fueled by growing income and wage inequality, shifting demographics and identity politics, and polarization from new media technologies. After decades of benign neglect, most of these citizens have grown fundamentally mistrustful of their governments and of democracy itself, in turn making their leaders less able or willing to lead.
All the geopolitical crises you see in the headlines every day? The war in Ukraine, confrontation over Taiwan, nuclear tensions with Iran and North Korea, you name it—some 90 percent of them are directly or indirectly because of the geopolitical recession caused by these three issues. In other words, the crises are not about individual leaders. They are a structural feature of our geopolitical landscape.
Yet for better or worse, geopolitical recessions don’t last forever. And the coming global order is something very, very different from what we’ve become used to.
Bliken Blink of the Eye Review of China – US Relationship
US Secretary Blinken has sought to clarify two strategic miscalculations with China during his past two days of China visit.
One, the US seeks to de-risk and diversify, not decouple, from China. China has held the belief that the US seeks to contain, encircle, and suppress China’s development. De-risk from China, while maintaining a broad-based economic relationship with China, sends a positive signal to the European and Asian allies to continue cultivating business interests with China.
Two, the US does not seek to unilaterally change the status quo on Taiwan. The US does not support “Taiwan independence.” This addresses China’s core of core interests. The basic positions expressed will likely appease the military tension lately seen around the Taiwan Strait.
The relationship between the United States and China is not about these questions, it is about how to maintain a balance of power with share inputs and decision processes that can concern and be of a high level of consideration at the level of national interest, geo-strategic policies and global financial and economic endeavors for not just the United States and China but also for the rest of the world and in the first place the emerging national economies.
“We’ve made historic investments in our infrastructure, technology, industrial capacity, and competitiveness. We’ve deepened our engagement and alignment with allies and partners around the world in ways that would have been unimaginable a few years ago.
That’s the backdrop for the relationship between the United States and the People’s Republic of China – one of the most consequential in the world. Both the United States and China should manage this relationship responsibly. Doing so serves the best interests of the United States, of China, indeed, of the world.”
Source: Secretary of State Antony J. Bliken’s Press Availability – BEIJING AMERICAN CENTER, BEIJING, PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA, JUNE 19, 2023
The other related factor is the building of channels of communication that are also connected to the respective allies of the United States and China and make them participants also in the definition of new regional policies that is providing safeguards against any spilling or excess in the reactions of these allies against each other regional interests.
“To shape that future, we start with diplomacy – including with China. I came to Beijing to strengthen high-level challenges of communication, to make clear our positions and intentions in areas of disagreement, and to explore areas where we might work together when our interests align on shared transnational challenges. And we did all of that.
Here in Beijing, I had an important conversation with President Xi Jinping. And I had candid, substantive, and constructive discussions with my counterparts Director Wang Yi and State Councilor Qin Gang. I appreciate the hospitality extended by our hosts.
In every meeting, I stressed that direct engagement and sustained communication at senior levels is the best way to responsibly manage our differences and ensure that competition does not veer into conflict. And I heard the same from my Chinese counterparts. We both agree on the need to stabilize our relationship.
During those meetings, we had a robust conversation about regional and global challenges. That includes Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine. I reiterated that we would welcome China playing a constructive role along with other nations to work toward a just peace, based on the principles of the United Nations Charter. We also spoke about North Korea’s increasingly reckless actions and rhetoric. All members of the international community have an interest in encouraging the DPRK to act responsibly, stop launching missiles, and start engaging in its nuclear program. And China is in a unique position to press Pyongyang to engage in dialogue and to end its dangerous behavior.” Source: https://www.state.gov/secretary-of-state-antony-j-blinkens-press-availability/
In other words, maintain a balanced and structured relationship among those who are forming the sphere of influence and investment equally for the United States and China. This will avoid having underneath reasons for regional tensions and localized areas of misconduct and mis-conceptualized assumptions of rivalry and antagonism that can lead to indirect conflict and escalation.
This visit of Blinken is a prelude to the next meeting between Biden and Xi to clarify the role of China as a new peacemaker in Eastern Europe, Africa, and the Middle East and how to ease and transit to such recognition and collaboration of the United States in such new role of China in regional and global affairs.
Within such range of informal sector operations, you have also to consider that many financial institutions are offering banking services without being a Bank this is the case of the Post Office – Barid.
The presentation here remains instructive and indicative of a reality that needs to be approached from inside the country not from the perspective of these international financial institutions that have their own motives in their soi-disant finding and recommendations that remained twisted by self-interest and self-promotion in regards to the solutions and the services they provide as well as the credit line they open for country-members of their organization.
During the 1980s, the differences between non-Western countries and Third World countries became evident with regard to economic changes and progress at the level of the participation in the new industrial division of labor and the implementation of industrial strategy.
Since President Reagan, Free Trade and aggressive Liberal policies have flattened the national resistance and planted the seeds in the global playfield for the rise of oligopolies, monopoles and conglomerates in the most advanced economies. In parallel, the strategies of conditionality on the application of liberal policies and privatization defended by international financial institutions such as the World Bank, the IMF and The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development where shoved in the throat of “Third World Countries,” have contributed directly in increasing poverty and inequalities in developing economies.
In advanced countries instead of having regulations and protection of the economic market forces, the principle of price reduction and affordability of goods for consumers was then defended allowing the rise of monopoles favored by acquisitions, mergers and absorptions which created dominant companies that extended their power in the political and government decisions while reducing the competition and the income of the States which both impacted the level of distribution and the increase of inequalities and poverty among the popular and workforce masses as well as within the underdeveloped countries.
East and Southeast Asia continued to grow rapidly by maintaining close ties with the world economy framed by the needs of the western European and north American countries, facilitating the redeployment of products made in Western countries which in light of international integration they were thus competing within their own market by local, regional and international products.
“As a result, the world faced a difficult global economic situation as it entered the 1980s – a situation marked not only by high inflation and unemployment (internal imbalances) in developed countries, but also by large account deficits. Current balance of payments (external imbalance) in many developed and developing countries. In addition, lower demand in developed countries has resulted in lower commodity prices and worsening terms of trade for many developing countries that depend on commodity exports. Given the difficult economic situation, many countries, particularly in Latin America and the Caribbean and Africa, have seen an increase in debt levels in an effort to maintain economic growth.
In part the abundant recycling of petrodollars by financial institutions in developed countries contributed to the increase of debt of Third World economies. The sharp rise in interest rates in the United States of America to combat inflation at the turn of the decade raised the cost of servicing debt and caused debt crises in many countries. ” Read more at …. Reflection on development policy in the 1970s and 1980s -25 August 2017
This concentration of trade and industrial relations made the developing countries to view the Bretton Woods institutions as exclusive clubs of the rich and as instruments for enforcing unjustified political conditionality. Multilateral economic institutions: the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund have also been the subject of substantial ambivalence.
In such a context of international institutional pressure, the opening and liberalization of the economy were imposed as good policy and the Milky Way to demand global integration. Thus, liberalism allied to the internationalization of the division of labor and to a selective redistribution and localization of foreign investment was seen as the only path to success and progress. Therefore, the acceptance of the developed world and its financial institutions by third countries has become the example to adapt and follow.
Rehabilitation of Developing Countries was attempted through the Recommendations requested by International Financial Groups. Developing countries had pursued strategies that led to macroeconomic imbalances and strong state intervention. Middle-income Latin American countries suffered severe shocks and were forced to implement reforms to reverse the effects. While Africa has remained largely dependent on international largesse. Developing countries are still faced with correcting the effects of these handicaps and implementing stabilization policy and stimulus measures, balances of payments and basic reforms of the exchange rate regime, liberalization and privatization.
On the other hand, the economic slowdown in advanced industrial countries, accompanied by sharp fluctuations in import demand, contributed to the economic difficulties of the least developed countries (LDCs), particularly in the early 1980s and again in the early 90
Countries heavily dependent on commodity exports have been little affected, especially oil exports (Gulf War). Even diversified exporters have also suffered, such as the exporting countries of East and Southeast Asia.
In terms of the development of financial markets, the high interest rate that prevailed in the early 1980s sharply increased the debt service ratio, the external debt service and contributed to the debt crisis. The Reaganomics crossed the Southern border and landed the Mexican crisis of August 1982, (Nationalization of banks and more dollars changed, transition between Portillo and the administration of Madrid). A sharp contraction in lending occurred after the Mexican crisis. DelaMadrid followed a neo-liberal policy coping the Northern Neighbor the Reaganomics.
Mexico’s currency crisis was fundamentally a short-term “monetary management problem, declared Mahathir Mohamed of Malaysia. In addition, Mexico was crossing a border of political elimination such as the killing of Jose Francisco Ruiz Massieu a former governor who was serving as secretary-general of the ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party, or PRI., was shot to death on a busy street in Mexico City on Sept. 28, 1994. The killing added to the bloody shocks of an election year that had already characterized by the regime’s inability to contain the violent antics of a handful of uprising by the Zapatista considered as “rag-tag bandits in Chiapas and the assassination of the first PRI presidential candidate, Luis Donaldo Colosio.
Work and Research by Said El Mansour Cherkaoui on Latin America L’Accord de libre-échange nord-américain (ALÉNA) – Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Celebración de 25 años de interés en México Celebration of 25 years of Interest in Mexico – … Continue reading Said El Mansour Cherkaoui and Latin America
In fact, negative transfer for all of Latin America in 1983 and stayed that way in the 1990s. For Africa, the net transfer to private creditors turned negative in 1983, but dependence on commercial loans was less pronounced, offset by official flows. Short politics have become the means to address these structural problems.
To reverse current account deficits, which forced real exchange rate adjustments, the 1980s saw dramatic devaluation and changes in exchange rate regimes in developing countries. All regions except Europe experienced stagnation in exports during the global recession in the early 1980s and again in 1985-86. As a result, macroeconomic adjustment policies had become necessary, such as the implementation of measures aimed at reducing real public expenditure, increasing revenues, slowing wage growth and controlling the growth of the money supply, generally by bias or with the effect of increasing real interest rates.
The debt crisis of the 1980s led to severe recessions in almost every country in Africa and Latin America. The World Bank and the IMF in concert with other international financial institutions have made Africa to dance to their own disastrous melodies and tunes and therefore the IMF is one of the most controversial institutions who had aggravated the public policy and made African countries to accentuate social problems and financial deficits, Africa is still paying a high price for the conditionality policies imposed by the World Bank and the IMF.
Therefore, developing countries in difficulty have faced strong pressure to avoid defaults and implement fiscal consolidation, often imposed by conditions for obtaining financial support. This has exacerbated the cost and duration of the crisis. The emphasis has been on austerity and rapid budget review, and the high social and economic costs are often overlooked. Governments have come under pressure to cut social spending and invest in infrastructure as part of the adjustment process, which has had long-term effects. After 1987, export growth resumed and Asian exports were strong, reviving the Western Hemisphere, which recovered. In Latin America, the Caribbean and Africa, it took more than a decade for the economy to recover, and since then the 1980s have been called a lost decade of development.
Opening the Door for the Global Integration and Effects of the International Crisis
Among advanced industrial states, the agenda for deeper integration is ambitious, which includes the harmonization of standards with the coordination of macroeconomic policies. In fact, it is the Research and Development sector in advanced technological fields of high added value that the difference and the gaps widened even within the groups of developed countries in terms of the international competitiveness of their product and the level of their economic growth. At the same time, this international competitiveness had ramifications and repercussions on the developing countries thus conditioning an adjustment trajectory for their frenzied race to adjust their economies in accordance with the demands of the advanced industrial countries.
These demands had largely focused on the legislative framework for the treatment of foreign direct investment in developing and sub-capitalist countries. The improvement in the foreign investment climate was therefore generally linked to the broader regulatory changes needed to align national practices with those of advanced industrial countries. For this reason, the rules governing these investments are seen as a component of the deep integration program based on a structural adjustment of national policies around a negotiated standard.
The free flow of goods and capital (not labor) is fairly well accepted among advanced industrial states as well as compensatory mechanisms that mitigate the social costs associated with an open economy. In developing countries, by contrast, national coalitions favoring a more open stance in the world economy were generally not consolidated.
April 20, 2022Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Works on Africa Articles and Reports on Africa developed by Dr. … Read more
Regional Integration, Level for Global Competitiveness
Some have called the 1980s a lost decade for Latin America, if not for the rest of the developing world, both of which were characterized by economic problems and developments in political authoritarianism.
Decline in the availability of external commercial loans at the start of the decade
Strong pressure to adapt accordingly
Regression of political bodies and freedoms:
Broaden the definition of conditionality for multilateral and bilateral assistance
Growing bilateral pressure on US trade policy
Significant changes in expectations regarding the participation of developing countries in GATT
Foreign Direct Investment and Regional Integration
One of the consequences of the crisis is the incentive to attract foreign direct investment. In the 1970s, middle-income developing countries would depend on fairly easy access to external finance through European currency markets.
To attract foreign investment, we start to talk about regional integration and integration into international rules and standards.
In Latin America, the effects of this impact are liberalization and privatization and reforms of regulatory systems.
Great impact and influence of advanced industrial states and foreign investors on what government can do.
One way to make the reversal of these policies costly.
IMF with the support of the World Bank and the regional development bank, negotiation of programs and conditions for more loans: adjustment policies or what is called the Tight Belt Policy.
The World Bank and the IMF believe that structural adjustment such as trade opening and liberalization, regulatory regimes and other reforms can benefit least developed countries. The interference of international lending agencies and their diktat imposed on underdeveloped and less developed economies has helped to shape a status of subcapitalist condition and constitution for indebted countries and to integrate into the global circuit of international lending.
Social effects of adjustment policy in LDCs
During the 1980s, growing recognition of the reforms also became a springboard for the donor to feed the LDCs. The exam is part of the donation. Japanese aid is in line with the trend of “political dialogue” between donors and recipients.
At the geo-strategic level, the policies of “containment” and neutralization of currents of thought that could call into question the predominance of liberal strategies for conquering international markets had succeeded in thwarting all attempts to create and establish economic development alternatives based on the national model and a Third World vision. Thus, despite the advance and the creativity of several Masters in economic development, such as G. Destanne de Bernis, François Perroux, the Swede Myrdal, the Argentinian Prebisch and the Brazilian Celso Furtado and the Hungarian Tibor Mende, the liberalism continued to sail and survive all social reforms even by resorting to coups, boycott and cover-actions if not the outright elimination of the leaders of the non-aligned or liberation movements national economic. (The author Said El Mansour Cherkaoui had the privelege to conduct his doctoral research among teams led by Directors of Research and Professors such as G. Destanne de Bernis and Celso Furtado respectively at the Institut de Recherche Economique et Planification of Grenoble University and at the Institut des Hautes Etudes de l’Amerique Latine, Sorbonne University, Paris)
A work of undermining nationalist militants considered to be leftists was undertaken throughout a long period with the objective of “pure and simple purification” of individual resistance and mass movements of the questioning of political and economic foundations, social, cultural and even religious Liberalism Made in the West.
From the start of the debt crisis to the start the eighties Third World countries, and especially the most indebted countries in Africa and Latin America, posted a some cases severe deterioration of social conditions, a increasing level of absolute poverty, a partial collapse of social and physical infrastructure, increased crime and internal disturbances. The per capita income of indebted countries have fallen by a seventh since 1980 and that of sub-Saharan African countries by a quarter?
In Africa, the investment ratio, which gives an indication of future growth prospects, fell to level recorded in the mid-1960s and in some countries is no longer sufficient to maintain the capital of the economy Stock.
In the most indebted countries, real wages are now lower than in 1982 (38% less in Mexico and 21% less in Brazil) and unemployment has increased due to slowing economic growth. Public spending fell by 18% in indebted countries and public investments have been reduced by 35%, compromising growth prospects and to a deterioration of social indicators.
For example, most developing countries cut spending health care and education and reduces the quality of utilities in these areas. Per capita expenditure on education in Latin America is now lower than early eighties and the capital expenditure for educational institutions now represent only a fraction of What it was. The same goes for the health service, with the result that the drop in infant mortality in Third Countries of the world have slowed down and global mortality is again slightly up. Nutrition has also deteriorated again in many countries, particularly due to the agricultural producer prices.
Big money bomb of one hundred dollar bills with a hot wick. Shortly before the explosion. The concept of international financial currency crisis the World Bank and IMF and other international banks demanded payment of interest and debt service, which in many cases accounted for 25% and more of the value of total exports from indebted economies.
There is now a wider trend towards critical literature on the Third World to blame the adjustment programs prescribed by the IMF or the World Bank for these unfavorable developments, since they all require fairly severe cuts in budgetary expenditure and other measures to curb demand and guide less developed economies to exports, leading to a decline in real wages, a temporary increase in unemployment and the destruction of national production capacity. The implementation of the programs also takes place responsible for the rise of internal conflicts and repression in developing societies. On the other hand, we often read that democratization and adjustment are irreconcilable or that only authoritarian regimes are able to execute typical IMF programs.
A spiral of indebtedness ensued, the repercussions of which went beyond economic growth and the balance of external accounts, they resulted in the worsening of the living conditions of the already poorest social strata in developing countries. For this reason, donor countries have generally left issues of policy conditionality in the hands of international financial institutions. Source: Institut for AIIgemeine 0berseeforschung, Hamburg, West Germany, INTERECONOMICS, May / June 1990
Social inequalities, the wage bill and international trade
The World Bank and Social Inequalities
In a major speech to the National Press Club in Washington on October 10, 2007, Robert Zoellick formulated what he described as “six strategic themes in support of the goal of inclusive and sustainable globalization” that he described. proposed to guide the future work of the World Bank:
First, the World Bank Group faces the challenge of helping to overcome poverty and stimulate sustainable growth in the poorest countries, especially in Africa …
Second, we must address the particular problems of states emerging from conflict or seeking to avoid state collapse …
Third, the World Bank Group needs a more differentiated business model for middle-income countries …
Fourth, the World Bank Group will need to play a more active role in promoting regional and global public goods that transcend national borders and benefit many countries and citizens …
Fifth, one of the most notable challenges of our time is how to support those who seek to advance development and opportunities in the Arab world …
Finally, while the World Bank Group has some of the attributes of a finance and development enterprise, its vocation is much broader. It is a unique and special institution of knowledge and learning. It collects and provides valuable data. Yet it is not a university – rather it is a “brain trust” of applied experience that will help us address the other five policy themes.
“For decades, scholars of international security and politics have debated the emergence of a multipolar system. It is time to recognize the economic dimension of this concept. After witnessing the disappearance of the “second world” in 1989, during the fall of communism, we observed in 2009 the end of what was called the “third world”: we now live in a new multipolar world economy. which is evolving rapidly, ”Zoellick said during a speech at the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars in Washington, recalling that some had called the former President of the United States a“ missed opportunity ”. “We cannot afford to have the same geopolitical rhetoric as before. “
“Poverty continues to be rife and must be tackled. Failed states still exist and must be taken into account. Global challenges are intensifying and must be met. However, we need to approach these issues from a different perspective, ”said Zoellick. “Outdated notions of developed countries and third worlds, donors and seekers, leaders and followers no longer correspond to reality. »Statement made on April 14, 2010 by the President of the World Bank Group Robert B. Zoellick.
Thus, developed and developing economies have experienced an increase in income inequalities within them since the 1980s. Trade has become more globalized over the same period. Many studies have sought to determine whether globalization has contributed to the intensification of inequalities. To do so, they sought to identify the various channels through which the development of international trade could influence wage dynamics [ [FMI, 2007;Pavcnik, 2011]. Lire plus dans: Le commerce international accroît-il les inégalités ?]
According to the most recent estimates, 10% of the world’s population lived on less than $ 1.90 per day in 2015, which represents 734 million people. This rate reached almost 36% in 1990, or 1.9 billion people.
But this trend is likely to be reversed in 2020, due to the crisis caused by the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic and the fall in oil prices. Poor populations will bear the brunt of the consequences, including job cuts, declining remittances from migrant workers, price hikes and disorganization of education and health services, among others.
For the first time since 1998, poverty rates will start to rise again as the world economy slips into recession and the GDP per capita falls sharply. The current crisis threatens to erase all of the progress made over the past five years. Depending on a range of assumptions on the size of this economic shock, between 40 and 60 million additional people will fall into extreme poverty (less than $ 1.90 per day) in 2020 as a result of the pandemic , according to World Bank estimates. The global extreme poverty rate could increase by 0.3 to 0.7 percentage points, reaching around 9% in 2020.
In addition, the proportion of the population living on less than $ 3.20 per day could increase between 0.3 and 1.7 percentage points and reach a low range of 23%, or in absolute value between 40 and 150 million more people. Finally, the share of the world’s population living on less than $ 5.50 a day could grow within a range of 0.4 to 1.9 percentage points, reaching 42% or more, which would represent between 70 and 180 millions of inhabitants. It should be noted that these projections are extremely volatile and subject to large variations from country to country (a).
But this trend is expected to reverse in 2020, due to the crisis caused by the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic and lower oil prices. Poor people will suffer the consequences, including job cuts, lower remittances from migrant workers, price hikes and the disruption of education and health services, among others.
The UNCTAD report pointed out that the key to success would be to tackle a series of pre-existing conditions that threatened the health of the global economy already before the pandemic. These include hyper-inequality, unsustainable debt levels, low investment, stagnating wages in developed countries and insufficient formal sector jobs in developing countries. . “The real concern is that inequalities were already there before COVID-19.
COVID-19 has reminded us that we did not address them after the global financial crisis. The promise was to address inequality, but most Western countries have failed to do so,” Kozul-Wright said. “We need to focus on full employment and wages in advanced economies. Developing countries need support to boost their industrial development […] We need appropriate employment and wage policies, but we will also need appropriate social policies,” he added.
The Case of Zambia in Southern Africa
In November 2020, Zambia made headlines when it became the first African country to default on its debt to foreign lenders during the global COVID-19 health crisis. While many African countries made significant progress in reducing their debt burdens in the 1990s and 2000s, in recent years countries such as Zambia, Kenya and Mozambique have steadily taken on more and more loans. to fund major infrastructure projects and public spending. In 2021, Zambia’s overall debt burden reached 123% of the country’s GDP according to the International Monetary Fund. Such a public debt burden poses a threat to long-term economic stability and impacts service delivery to citizens, especially in emergency contexts such as the COVID-19 pandemic, as governments must spend larger percentages of their budget on debt repayment.
Changes of Presidents in Latin America and Africa are reactions to external pressure and the impact of sudden changes in allegiance and the orientation of the international situation, especially in the countries of the North, Western economies.
Peru, The Institutional Turmoil
Mexican Foreign Minister Marcelo Ebrard announced on Wednesday that the Pacific Alliance summit, scheduled for December 14 in Peru, has been suspended due to the vote of no confidence in its president Pedro Castillo.
“Given the latest events in Peru, it has been agreed to postpone the Pacific Alliance Summit which was to take place on December 14 in the city of Lima. I will keep you informed,” he said on his official Twitter profile.
Ebrard also pointed out in another message on the same social network that “Mexico regrets the latest events in Peru”. “He hopes for the respect of democracy and human rights for the good of this dear brother people,” he added.
The meeting of the leaders of the group, which is made up of Colombia, Chile, Mexico and Peru, was to be held from November 24 to 25 in Mexico, but was suspended because Castillo could not leave Peru as part of the investigation against him for corruption.
Mexico was to cede the presidency pro tempore it has held since 2018 and Costa Rica, Ecuador and Honduras were to join the group, founded in 2011.
Peru: President Castillo ousted after trying to dissolve Congress
Peru’s Congress voted to remove President Pedro Castillo from office this Wednesday, December 7, 2022, and replace him with Vice President, Dina Boluarte, shortly after Castillo attempted to dissolve the legislature ahead of a scheduled vote to impeach him. . The national ombudsman’s office called the coup a coup.
Castillo’s attempt to dissolve Congress.
Lawmakers then voted 101 to 6 with 10 abstentions to remove Castillo from office on grounds of “permanent moral incapacity.” Shortly before the vote, Castillo announced he was installing a new emergency government and called on the next round of lawmakers to draft a new constitution. He said in a televised address that he would rule by decree in the meantime, and ordered a nighttime curfew from Wednesday evening.
Castillo also announced that he would make changes to the leadership of the judiciary, the police and the constitutional court. The head of the Peruvian army then resigned, as well as four ministers, including those of foreign affairs and the economy.
Castillo took action as his opponents in Congress headed for a third attempt to impeach him.
The Office of the Ombudsman, an autonomous government institution, said in a statement ahead of the congressional vote that after years of democracy, Peru is in the midst of a constitutional collapse “that can only be described as a sudden blow.” ‘State”.
The office called on Castillo to resign and surrender to legal authorities.
“Mr. Castillo must remember that he was not only elected president of the republic, but also that the people elected representatives for public service,” the statement read. “Castillo’s actions ignore the will of the people and are invalid.”
The Congressional vote called for Vice President Dina Boluarte to assume the presidency. Boluarte via Twitter rejected Castillo’s actions, saying “this aggravates the political and institutional crisis that Peruvian society will have to overcome in strict compliance with the law.”
Liberal entrenchment of inflation and roots of recession by Said El Mansour Cherkaoui
December 25, 2022
THE NEW VERSION OF THE THEATER PLAY LES MISERABLES FACING INFLATION IN CALIFORNIA
They were waiting for the European storm to pass over the global economy and they held interest rates on hold until the Fed and Ms. Lagarde decided it was no longer possible to have and be in the position to wait and see or wait for Godot.
Unfortunately, the Fed’s first increase was a response to the financial obstruction of the UK economy but was met with OPEC’s decision to cut oil production, Russia’s decision to only accept rubble as a means of payment and the decision of the Chinese to make payment only with Yuan for all external transactions. The conglomeration of all these geo-economic actions made the dollar the first higher than the euro in the international market while it also increased its vulnerability to emerging markets as it impacted more than 60% debt-ridden countries that are on the verge of default with Zambia, Sri Lanka and Ghana at the forefront of full default.
The recession was no longer on the periphery of Western economies, it was spreading beyond the surge in inflation of energy, commodities and the accessibility of basic foodstuffs by many countries.
Also, Japan has always played the role of antechamber and echo chamber for the American economy since the Reaganomics and Economic School of the Chicago Boys.
The rest of the world is the hellish heat of inflation
An inflation that was stored like a volcano once the firm ground of all decisions made by financial and government agencies on the western side of history, pursued liberalism erupted in flames and lava covering the rest of the global economy and the price of energy produced combined with the disruptive nature of all diseases have smoothed the way to stagflation to take up residence in the best of the best financial and economic houses which is the value of manufactured goods, the value added to primary goods by the international division of technological and logistical labor and the continual decline in the value of commodities and primary goods from the south.
The subsequent division between the nations has the same line that divided the Bourgeois Townspeople and financiers and the peasant serfs sold with the land as part of the value of the land which depreciated considering the interest charged by the Bourg-bankers to land owners. far remained cloistered in what was called the Faux-Bourg, Faubourg on the outskirts of the Center, that is to say the Place du Marché of the City where monetary circulation is the main framework for commercial transactions while the Faubourg more is about barter as a method of exchange that adds more dependence to the Central Market of Merchant Boroughs, it is these classes that were the first investors in the next industrialization of the Bourg through first the craftsmen and the corporations before separating more from the skills and capacities of the personnel and becoming the own of the productive mechanisms which made them become the extension of the production massive mechanics. system that takes individual initiative or collaborative craft team.
Such separation and the resulting abuses to make it acceptable to this new class of workers who at this time period have only one thing but their Clog – Country Wooden Shoe – to stop this crushing of their appropriation of theirs. labor or the product they produce. They had to throw their wooden clogs – clog into the machine so they could take a break. A strategy that gave us the name Sabotage was the age of the reverse Sabot of the means and methods of production.
Diseases and the decrease in agricultural production added to the continual rural exodus have made the condition of the people who rely only on the strength of arms and hands to beg for bread:
TELL THEM NOT TO THROW AWAY THE CRUST OF THE CAKE SO THEY WON’T BE HUNGRY ANY MORE
– Sentence of Marie-Antoinette distorted over time.
A long time ago, the USA and the West where we began to specialize in the Daily Production of JEAN VALJEAN AND THE MISERABLES by our Great Victor Hugo, it was the time of the “Huguenots = Huge money but you got not” in the USA.
In the United States, in California, we are making a new food market robot and it is called:
new superhero named jean valjean resulting from inflation and especially the price of bread as it was at the time of the miserables
The Ciabatta Bread – Baguette – Batard named Bastar is priced between 5 dollars to 8 dollars, and guess what…
Basically, the price of 35 dozen eggs is over $100, which means one egg costs $2.8571.
We invoke Hashem God and Allah when we are in difficulty, I mean apart from trouble that despite having flour, water and salt and a hot oven, we cannot make dough and we lack of wheat, Ukraine the Granary of the liberal Western Empire and Africa, as North Africa used to be – called Mauretania the Granary of the Roman Empire.
The shortage of wheat has caused so many changes of government and empire and with Ukraine it is losing the transfer of wheat to the rest of the world and with this wheat it is impacting the flow of money and l use of the dollar for these products. So, well bro, we haven’t come out of the mill yet and we’re cooked before we grind the dough out of order despite all we’ve taken Hashem, God and Allah, and this time against our own wishes, getting into trouble to make bread, what a new pain to wish yourself to be engulfed in trouble and all this to supply and monetize it in wheat, in tomorrow’s money, today, while waiting for Godot and being in difficulty, we eat dry bread, French toast without eggs, and as they say,
Like you can’t be a baker or like the former French Prime Minister who got into trouble with all of France or like a baker who makes balls in a bread kneader, then you can always try to be a cook
Also, as they say: if you can’t stand the heat, get out of the kitchen and let the Palos bake their own bread without dirtying or burning their ovens.
Hasta la Vista Hermano and Bon Appétit. It’s not just boiling but burning inflation
In Africa, we are stocking up on Aces and we are going to starve our people to serve and feed their Gargantuan Croissant Appétit which has no limits
WHERE IS BEEF FOR AFRICA?
African states feed the debtors and starve losing their own appetite waiting for supplies and suppliers if not cooks from outside who will bring for them the means and resources for their productive, operational and logistical infrastructure and in the upstream supply chain of raw and peripheral materials and packaging at all stages of the transfer and exchange of goods and intermediate products from source to distribution and direct and indirect sale of the final product. Africa remains hungry for the feeding from outside of its own frontiers while it has all the natural resources and primary goods to feed any industry not only in Africa but all around the world and that is why Africa is actually the hub and the magnet of these countries from the Americas, Europe and Asia are rushing and competing for a spot under the African Sun.
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui: saidcherkaoui@triconsultingkyoto.com Author: Said El Mansour Cherkaoui holds a Doctorate on Economics from the Université de la Sorbonne and the Institut des Hautes Etudes de l’Amerique Latine, Paris. Dr. Cherkaoui conducted Research and is a Published Author at the Centre de Recherche et de Documentation sur l’Amérique Latine, Laboratoire 111 Associated with the Centre National … Continue reading Sudamerica América do Sul South America Amérique du Sud
Author: Said El Mansour Cherkaoui holds a Doctorate on Economics from the Université de la Sorbonne and the Institut des Hautes Etudes de l’Amerique Latine, Paris. Dr. Cherkaoui conducted Research and is a Published Author at the Centre de Recherche et de Documentation sur l’Amérique Latine, Laboratoire 111 Associated with the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique de Paris.
Prior to this, Dr. Cherkaoui conducted research and was granted in 1980 his Diplôme des Etudes Approfondies at the Institut de Recherches Economiques et de Planification, Université de Grenoble. Said El Mansour Cherkaoui graduated from the Institut d’Etudes des Sciences Politiques, SciencesPo de Grenoble with a Diplôme of Second Cycle, Section Economique – Finance, Université de Grenoble.
The ambivalent relationship between the federal state and private interest groups in Brazil in the first half of the 20th century / Said El Mansour Cherkaoui.Paris: Institut des Hautes Etudes de l’Amérique Latine, [1985] – Laboratoire Associé au CNRS UA 111.
This publication was produced in the Cahiers du CREDAL (Predecessor of CREDA) in Laboratory 111 Associated with the CNRS and integral member of l’Institut des Hautes Etudes de l’Amérique Latine, 28 Rue Saint Guillaume, Paris where I conduct my own doctoral research and I defended my thesis at the University of Sorbonne:
Capitalism reinvents itself through Subcapitalism, the theory that I created within the Institute of Economic Research and Planning, University of Grenoble and defended during the defense of my doctoral thesis at the University of Sorbonne of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle whose title and summary are:
Title of my Doctoral Thesis:
Political economy of subcapitalism in Latin America (1830-1930): Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru University of Paris III, Sorbonne Nouvelle. Institute of Higher Latin American Studies. 1992. Location: Center Technique Livre Ens. Sup. ; Paris3-BU
The period of the study is between 1830 and 1930, the choice of which was determined by the transformations experienced by Latin America during that century. Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Peru were among the countries most marked by a liberal integration into the international financial and commercial market and by a relative diversification of the terms of the collaboration of their states and their oligarchic and ruling classes with the proponents of international finance.
The formulation of the new concept on subcapitalist development and the theory on subcapitalism was elaborated on the analysis of the causes and consequences of the internationalization of capital in the form of foreign debt and foreign direct investment. A critique of the concepts of capitalist development, economic backwardness, absence of capital and market in Latin American countries and in those that remained in a colonial movement is conducted through a critical analysis of the works of Paul Baran and especially those of André Gunder Frank.
Subcapitalism complements capitalism to form a hierarchical, unequal and homogeneous world economy. Economy / History / Capitalism / Investment / Foreign debt / Development / International trade / Comparative analysis / Argentina / Chile / Peru / United States / Great Britain / Latin America / 19 century / 20 century.
La relation ambivalente entre l’Etat fédéral et les groupes d’intérêts privés au Brésil dans la première moitié du XXème siècle / Said El Mansour Cherkaoui.Paris : Institut des Haute Etudes de l’Amérique Latine, [1985] – Laboratoire Associé au CNRS UA 111.
Cette publication fut réalisée dans les Cahiers du CREDAL (Prédécesseur du CREDA) dans le Laboratoire 111 Associé au CNRS et membre intégrant de l’Institut des Hautes Etudes de l’Amérique Latine, 28 Rue Saint Guillaume, Paris ou je conduis ma propre recherche doctorale et j’ai soutenu ma Thèse au sein de l’Université de Sorbonne:
Le Capitalisme se réinvente a travers le Subcapitalisme, la théorie que j’ai crée au sein de l’Institut de Recherches Economiques et de Planification, Université de Grenoble et défendu au cours de la soutenance de ma thèse de doctorat dans l’enceinte de l’Université de Sorbonne de Paris III : Sorbonne Nouvelle dont l’intitulée et le résumé sont :
Intitulée de ma Thèse de Doctorat:
Économie politique du subcapitalisme en Amérique latine (1830-1930) : Argentine, Brésil, Chili, Pérou Université Paris III, Sorbonne Nouvelle. Institut des Hautes Études de l’Amérique latine. 1992. Localisation : Centre Technique Livre Ens. Sup. ; Paris3-BU
La période de l’étude se situe entre 1830 et 1930 dont le choix fut déterminé par les transformations connues par l’Amérique latine durant ce siècle. L’Argentine, le Brésil, le Chili et le Pérou furent parmi les pays les plus marqués par une intégration d’ordre libéral dans le marché financier et commercial international et par une diversification relative des termes de la collaboration de leurs États et leurs classes oligarchiques et dirigeantes avec les tenants des finances internationales.
La formulation du nouveau concept sur le développement subcapitaliste et de la théorie sur le subcapitalisme fut élaborée sur l’analyse des causes et des conséquences de l’internationalisation du capital sous la forme de la dette extérieure et de l’investissement direct étranger. Une critique des concepts de développement capitaliste, de retard économique, d’absence de capital et de marché dans les pays d’Amérique latine et dans ceux demeurés dans une mouvance coloniale est conduite à travers une analyse critique des travaux de Paul Baran et surtout ceux d’André Gunder Frank.
Le subcapitalisme complète le capitalisme pour former une économie mondiale hiérarchisée, inégale et homogène.Économie / Histoire / Capitalisme / Investissement / Dette extérieure / Développement / Commerce international / Analyse comparative / Argentine / Chili / Pérou / États-Unis / Grande-Bretagne / Amérique latine / Siècle 19 / Siècle 20.
Jacques Chonchol is a politician and professor known for his work in the Chilean land reform movement of the 1960s and early 1970s. Conchol served from 1970 to 1972 as Minister of Agriculture in the government of President Salvador Allende. Wikipedia
JACQUES CHONCHOL (1926), JACQUES CHONCHOL (1926), agronome formé à l’Université du Chili, a fait des études supérieures à Paris et à Londres dans des matières liées à l’agriculture. Il a travaillé pour les Nations Unies, ce qui lui a permis de connaître la réalité de l’agriculture dans différents pays du continent. Membre de la démocratie chrétienne et plus tard co-fondateur du Movimiento de Acción Popular Unitario, MAPU, il a joué un rôle de premier plan dans le processus de réforme agraire au Chili, tant sous le gouvernement d’Eduardo Frei Montalva que sous celui de Salvador Allende, dans l’administration duquel il a occupé le poste de ministre de l’Agriculture.
سعيد المنصور شرقاوي
Assim, desenvolveu-se um modelo de exploração colonial escravista. Além disso, o próprio modelo de colonização é ímpar e tem direta relação com a formação do Brasil contemporâneo: na visão de Caio Prado, a colonização brasileira foi baseada na exploração, e não na povoação (como ocorreu nos Estados Unidos).
In the late of 1970’s, while conducting my research on Brazil I discovered the real spiritual reason why I have been attracted and directed first by Yves Barel, and later by Celso Furtado, Raymond Prats, Frederic Mauro and Jacques Chonchol and why I met and received guidance from many scholars on Brazilian affairs from France, England, USA and Brazil. The reason I found it in an old book written by Prado Junior, Caio: Formação do Brasil Contemporâneo – Colônia, read here below:
Dear Sister and Dear Brother, it goes without saying that Brazil has been the target of my research since 1977 and therefore the Portuguese, so how can someone who jumped the walls of the Breija, the Moon, the Club and not be a little curious about the Portuguese of Mazagao and their relationship with the Don Joaos of Algarve and the Portuguese Royal Houses up to Don Pedro Primero, Don Pedro Segundo Braganca and Deodoro Da Fonseca.
Between us and in the year 1979 – 1980, I discovered that the Mazaganese with their Converted Moro Berbers had moved to the Azores to end up on the banks of the mouth of the Amazon to found Nova Mazagao in a classic book written by the father of the Economic History of Brazil: Prado Junior, Caio: Formação do Brasil Contemporâneo – Colônia, see this link:
À la fin des années 1970, tout en menant mes recherches sur le Brésil, j’ai découvert la véritable raison spirituelle pour laquelle j’ai été attiré et dirigé d’abord par Yves Barel, puis par Celso Furtado, Raymond Prats, Frédéric Mauro et Jacques Chonchol et pourquoi j’ai rencontré et reçu des conseils de nombreux spécialistes des affaires brésiliennes de France, d’Angleterre, des États-Unis et du Brésil. La raison pour laquelle je l’ai trouvé dans un vieux livre écrit par Prado Junior, Caio : Formação do Brasil Contemporâneo – Colônia, lire ci-dessous :
Chère Sœur et Cher Frère, il va sans dire que le Brésil fut la cible de mes recherches depuis 1977 et donc les Portugais, alors comment peut être quelqu’un qui sautait les murs de la Breija, du Moon, du Club et ne pas être un peu curieux des Portugais de Mazagao et leur relation avec les Don Joao de Algarve et les Maisons Royales Portugaises jusqu’a Don Pedro Primero, Don Pedro Segundo Braganca et Deodoro Da Fonseca.
Entre nous et en l’année 1979 – 1980, j’ai découvert que les Mazaganais avec leurs Berbères Moro Convertis s’étaient déplacés aux Acores pour échouer sur les rives de l’embouchure de l’Amazone pour fonder Nova Mazagao dans un livre classique écrit par le père de l’Histoire Economique du Brésil: Prado Junior, Caio: Formação do Brasil Contemporâneo – Colônia, voir ce lien:
In 1978, within the Institute of Economic Research and Planning, University of Grenoble – University Pierre Mendes France, I was the first Moroccan to do research on Latin America. In the same line, I also became the first Moroccan to come for a year to the University of Berkeley in California to do research on Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile and Peru and all of Latin America, it was the year 1981-1982
After that, in 1982, through Yves Barel, my Director of Research at the Institute of Economic Research and Planning, University of Grenoble, I was invited by Celso Furtado to go back to Paris to join him [Allah ya Rahmhoum]
Celso Furtado wanted me to register as a PhD student and researcher at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Latin America and again as the first Moroccan in this Institute for Advanced Studies in Latin America.
“The ambivalent relationship between the federal state and private interest groups in Brazil in the first half of the 20th century / Said El Mansour Cherkaoui.”
This publication dates from 1985, as the content of this link attests, it can be found in the most prestigious libraries in the world, including the Getulio Vargas Foundation in Rio de Janeiro.
According to William Glade, whom I had the privilege of meeting in Paris and asked me for a copy of this same publication and who had the courtesy to correspond with me about its contents and to deposit it at the Library of the University of Texas at Austin which houses one of the largest collections on Latin America.
So between 1978 and 1992 {date of the launch of my research and date of the defense of my doctoral thesis}, in fact more than 14 years of research on Latin America, I wrote more than 2000 pages, including 1400 pages only for my doctoral thesis, Political economy of subcapitalism in Latin America (1830-1930): Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru and that I supported it within of the walls of the University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle and through which, I created a new Economic Theory, Subcapitalism:
En 1978, au sein de l’Institut de Recherches Economiques et de Planification, Université de Grenoble – Université Pierre Mendes France, j’étais le premier Marocain a faire de la recherche sur l’Amérique Latine. Dans la même lignée, je suis aussi et devenu le Premier Marocain a venir pour une année a l’Université de Berkeley en Californie pour faire de la Recherche sur le Brésil, le Mexique, l’Argentine, Chili et le Pérou et toute l’Amérique Latine c’était l’année 1981-1982
Après cela, en 1982, par l’intermédiaire de Yves Barel, mon Directeur de Recherches a Institut de Recherches Economiques et de Planification, Université de Grenoble je fus invité par Celso Furtado pour remonter a Paris le joindre [Allah ya Rahmhoum]
Celso Furtado voulait que je m’inscrives comme Doctorant et Chercheur a l’Institut des Hautes Etudes de l’Amérique Latine et encore comme Premier Marocain dans cet Institut des Hautes Etudes de l’Amérique Latine j’ai publié ma recherche au sein d’un Laboratoire 111 IHEAL CREDA associé avec le CNRS et tiens toi bien sur le Brésil dont voici le lien:
“La relation ambivalente entre l’Etat fédéral et les groupes d’intérêts privés au Brésil dans la première moitié du XXème siècle / Said El Mansour Cherkaoui.”
Cette publication date de 1985, comme l’atteste le contenu de ce lien, elle se trouve dans les plus prestigieuses bibliothèques du monde y compris la Fondation Getulio Vargas a Rio de Janeiro.
D’après William Glade, que j’ai eu le privilège de rencontrer a Paris et me demanda une copie de cette même publication et qui eut la courtoisie de correspondre avec moi en son contenu et de la déposer a la Bibliothèque de l’Université du Texas a Austin qui abrite l’une des plus grandes collections sur l’Amérique Latine.
Donc entre 1978 et 1992 {date du lancement de ma recherche et date de la soutenance de ma thèse de Doctorat}, en fait plus que 14 ans de recherches sur l’Amérique Latine, j’ai rédigé plus que 2000 pages dont 1400 pages seulement pour ma Thèse de Doctorat, Economie politique du subcapitalisme en amérique latine (1830-1930) : Argentine, Brésil, Chili, Pérou et cela je l’ai soutenu au sein des murs de l’University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle et a travers laquelle, j’ai crée une nouvelle Théorie Economique, le Subcapitalisme:
With Celso Furtado and Raymond Prats guidance at the CREDAL, I conducted this research. The focus is to analyze the determinations and the results of the intervention of the Brazilian State in shaping the economic development and facilitating the transition between the Old Republic and the emergence of industrialists, Tenentes and technocrats within the spheres of the central decision-making.
Professor William Glade (see copy of his letter) has defined this work as a pioneer in its field of research on Brazil and through correspondence, he stated that only 2 Scholars inaugurated such area of research, Professor Steve Topik and Said El Mansour Cherkaoui.
In recognition of such work, Dr. William Glade deposed a copy of my Research at the Prestigious Library of the University of Austin, Texas. A copy of my research was also acquired by the Getulio Vargas Foundation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Sous la direction de Celso Furtado et de Raymond Prats au CREDAL, j’ai mené cette recherche. L’objectif est d’analyser les déterminations et les résultats de l’intervention de l’État brésilien pour façonner le développement économique et faciliter la transition entre l’Ancienne République et l’émergence d’industriels, de Tenentes et de technocrates dans les sphères de la prise de décision centrale.
Le professeur William Glade (voir copie de sa lettre) a défini ce travail comme un pionnier dans son domaine de recherche sur le Brésil et par correspondance, il a déclaré que seuls 2 chercheurs ont inauguré ce domaine de recherche, le professeur Steve Topik et Said El Mansour Cherkaoui.
En reconnaissance d’un tel travail, le Dr William Glade a déposé une copie de mes recherches à la prestigieuse bibliothèque de l’Université d’Austin, au Texas. Une copie de mes recherches a également été acquise par la Fondation Getulio Vargas à Rio de Janeiro, au Brésil.
English Version:
POLITICAL ECONOMY OF SUBCAPITALISM IN LATIN AMERICA (1830-1930): ARGENTINA – BRAZIL – CHILE – PERU – Title of the Doctorate of Said El Mansour Cherkaoui
Dr. Said El Mansour Cherkaoui was granted his doctorate by the Institut des Hautes Etudes de l’Amérique Latine et de l’Université de Sorbonne, started his doctoral research at the Institut de Recherche Economique et de Planification and graduated from the Institut de Sciences Po de l’Université de Grenoble.
Dr. Cherkaoui is the first Moroccan who followed and combined this study and a research path that had an affiliation with the CNRS through a doctoral specialization and a publication of research document on Latin America.
The document included in this publication is the culmination of his historic meeting between Mr. Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas and Dr. Cherkaoui that has sealed a friendly relationship and confirmed the interest of other leaders such as Celso Furtado and Jacques Chonchol and Latin American scholars such as Frederic Mauro, Francisco Oliveira, Cano Wilson, Jesus Tamayo and William Glade who held a great esteem toward the only Moroccan leading and carrying out studies and research on Latin America with a new perception and innovative approach that had naturally flourished by the creation by Dr. Said El Mansour Cherkaoui of a new theory and concept named Subcapitalism:
Version Française:
ECONOMIE POLITIQUE DU SUBCAPITALISME EN AMÉRIQUE LATINE (1830-1930) : ARGENTINE – BRÉSIL – CHILI – PÉROU – Titre du Doctorat de Said El Mansour Cherkaoui
Dr. Said El Mansour Cherkaoui est diplômé de l’Institut des Hautes Etudes de l’Amérique Latine et de l’Université de Sorbonne, de l’Institut de Recherche Economique et de Planification et de l’Institut de Sciences Po de l’Université de Grenoble.
Dr. Cherkaoui est le premier Marocain a avoir suivi cette filière et affiliation avec le CNRS a travers une spécialisation doctorale parallèle a une recherche et une publication de document de recherche sur l’Amérique Latine.
Cette rencontre historique entre Mr. Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas et Dr. Cherkaoui scelle une relation amicale et confirme l’intérêt que les leaders tel que Celso Furtado et Jacques Chonchol et les chercheurs de l’Amérique Latine tel que Francisco Oliveira, Wilson Cano, Jesus Tamayo et William Glade portaient comme estime au seul Marocain conduisant et réalisant des études sur l’Amérique Latine avec une nouvelle perception et innovante approche qui s’était ainsi naturellement épanouit par la création d’une nouvelle théorie a savoir le Subcapitalisme:
Titre du Doctorat de Said El Mansour Cherkaoui
ECONOMIE POLITIQUE DU SUBCAPITALISME EN AMÉRIQUE LATINE (1830-1930) : ARGENTINE – BRÉSIL – CHILI – PÉROU
So, I frolicked like a Crazy Horse of Moulay Abdellah Banou Mghar between several corridors of hundreds of research centers, libraries, museums, archives and other institutions with knowledge on Latin America, France, Portugal, Spain, Great Britain, USA, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru and Mexico and of course also Morocco.
By the way, Morocco was the subject of my Diploma thesis at the Institut des Etudes d’Etudes Politiques de Grenoble, Sciences Po Grenoble: “The Economic Intervention of the Moroccan State: The Case of the Textile Industry” and that was in 1977.
I was the second Moroccan in the entire history of the University of Grenoble, now Université Pierre Mendes France, to present research on the Textile Industry in Morocco.
Here is for my escapades in the books of our History of which I am attaching one of them that you can read about our ancestors, the unpublished sources of the history of Morocco or our city is also treated
You will also find below a photo representing the page where our City Mazagao / Mazagan is approached
Dear Sister and My Dear Brother, I can only approve and say that indeed even long before the name of Mazagan or El Jadida were introduced, Fortaleza Mazagao and its neighbor Azemmour served as a transit link for goods not only as a port but as a destination for caravans from sub-Saharan countries.
During the presence of the Portuguese, their trade with the interior of the country to the borders of the Atlas had as export port first Azemmour and Fortaleza Mazagao thereafter until their departure.
In fact, even the name Morocco comes from the deformation of the name Marrakech as pronounced by the Portuguese of Mazagao.
The Portuguese of Fortaleza Mazagao, the Capital of Doukkala gave them the name of the Country Morocco, the Moroccan authorities of the present erase the name of our Region Doukkala from the Administrative Map of Morocco.
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui and Mazaɣan, Mazaghan, ⵎⴰⵣⴰⵖⴰⵏ; جّديدة; ejjdida; الجديدة Al-Jadida; Mazagão; Mazagan
Alors, j’ai gambadé comme un Cheval Fou de Moulay Abdellah Banou Mghar entre plusieurs corridors de centaines de centres de recherches, bibliothèques, musées, archives et autres institutions possédant le savoir sur l’Amérique Latine, la France, le Portugal, l’Espagne, la Grande Bretagne, les USA, l’Argentine, le Brésil, le Chili, le Pérou et le Mexique et bien sur aussi le Maroc.
Au fait, le Maroc fut le sujet de mon Mémoire de Diplôme a l’Institut des Etudes d’Etudes Politiques de Grenoble, Sciences Po Grenoble: ” L’intervention Economique de l’Etat Marocain: Le Cas de l’Industrie du Textile” et cela c’était en 1977.
J’étais le deuxième Marocain dans toute l’Histoire de l’Université de Grenoble maintenant Université Pierre Mendes France, a présenter une recherche sur l’Industrie du Textile au Maroc.
Voila pour mes escapades dans les livres de notre Histoire dont je fais joindre un d’eux que tu peux lire sur nos ancêtres, les sources inédites de l’histoire du Maroc ou notre ville est traitée aussi
Tu trouveras aussi ci-dessous une photo représentant la page ou notre Ville Mazagao / Mazagan est abordée
Chère Sœur et Mon Cher Frère je ne peux qu’approuver et dire qu’effectivement que même bien avant que le nom de Mazagan ou El Jadida furent introduits, Fortaleza Mazagao et sa voisine Azemmour servaient comme liaison de transit de marchandises non pas seulement comme port mais comme destination des caravanes venues des contrées sub-sahariennes.
Lors de la présence des Portugais, leurs commerce avec l’intérieur du pays jusqu’aux confins de l’Atlas avait comme port d’exportation en premier Azemmour et Fortaleza Mazagao par la suite jusqu’à leur départ.
En fait, même le nom de Maroc provient de la déformation du nom de Marrakech comme prononcé par les Portugais de Mazagao.
Les Portugais de la Fortaleza Mazagao, la Capitale des Doukkala leur a donné le nom du Pays Maroc, les autorités marocaines du présent effacent le nom de notre Région Doukkala de la Carte Administrative du Maroc.
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui and Mazaɣan, Mazaghan, ⵎⴰⵣⴰⵖⴰⵏ; جّديدة; ejjdida; الجديدة Al-Jadida; Mazagão; Mazagan
Celso Furtado, Raymond Prats, Jacques Chonchol, Frederic Mauro and Mona Huerta in Paris. The doors were wide opened for me in the Houses of Latin American Research and Studies.
Dr. Celso Furtado was the founder and the first Director of la Sudene in Brazil and later on became Director of Research and Professor at the IHEAL and Ecole des Hautes Etudes des Sciences Sociales. Dr. Furtado and Raymond Pratts were the reason of my move to Paris and to the IHEAL where he was my mentor and guide through my doctoral research on Brazil,
Dr Said El Mansour Cherkaoui et Dr Jacques Chonchol Directeur and Professor _ Institut des Hautes Etudes de l’Amérique Latine Paris. In these capacities, in 1992 he was my Director of Research at the CREDAl and for my Doctoral Thesis.
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui and Jacques Chonchol
Dr. Chonchol was the Minister of Agriculture in 1973 during the Presidency of Salvador Allende in Chile and he was the youngest Minister in the entire political history of Latin America.
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Research and Publications on Latin America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Peru
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Dr. Said El Mansour Cherkaoui has conducted research on Brazil, Mexico, Latin America since 1979 at the Institut de Recherches Economiques et de Planification, Université de Grenoble, France. In 1981, Said El Mansour Cherkaoui spent one year conducting research at the University of California Berkeley, at the Center for Latin American … Continue readingUS Trade Moving Mexico in Front of China for the New Re-Globalization
L’Accord de libre-échange nord-américain (ALÉNA) -Célébration de 33 ans de Considération pour le Mexique – Rencontre avec Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas a Berkeley en Californie, a Paris en France et a Mexico City au Mexique.
Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano – Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Celebración de 33 años de interés en México, En la víspera de la firma del Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Estados Unidos, Canadá y México. Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) – Celebrando 33 Años de Consideración por México – Reunión con Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas en Berkeley, California, París, Francia y Ciudad de México, México.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) – Celebrating 33 Years of Consideration for Mexico – Meeting with Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas in Berkeley, California, Paris, France and Mexico City, Mexico.… Continue reading
Celebración de 33 años de interés en México Celebration of 33 years of Interest in Mexico Célébration de 33 ans de Considération pour le Mexique
Spanish – English – French
Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano – Said El Mansour Cherkaoui – 1990
Mariachi Marrakechi: Said El Mansour Cherkaoui
Mariachi Marrakechi: Said El Mansour Cherkaoui
En la víspera de la firma del Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Estados Unidos, Canadá y México, fui a México, donde continué mi conversación con Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas. De hecho, habíamos comenzado en Berkeley en California y continuó en París, en Francia. En los restos de su ilustre padre, Lázaro Cárdenas. Durante nuestras reuniones, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas presentó su posición y la de su partido, el Partido de la Revolución Democrática, cuyo impulso político fue provocado por el éxito de la candidatura de Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas en las elecciones presidenciales de 1988. Cuauhtémoc Lázaro Solórzano (México, D. F., 1 de mayo de 1934) es un político mexicano, fundador del Partido de la Revolución Democrática (PRD) es considerado líder moral del PRD y en los amplios sectores de la población, se le ubica como el patriarca de ese partido político y tres veces candidato a la Presidencia de México. En 1997, se convirtió en el primer Jefe de Gobierno del Distrito Federal electo por votación. Formó parte de la [Comisión Organizadora de la Conmemoración del Bicentenario del inicio del movimiento de Independencia Nacional y del Centenario del inicio de la Revolución Mexicana| Coordinador de los festejos del Bicentenario de la Independencia y Centenario de la Revolución Mexicana], ambos conmemorados en 2010, puesto que ejerció desde el 19 de junio de 2006 hasta el 8 de noviembre del mismo año, fecha en que presentó su renuncia al cargo.
Esta entrevista con Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas se llevó a cabo en el mes de agosto de 1990 y para celebrar este total de 25 anos, un resumen de los intercambios pertinentes que se publicó en Francia que ofrezco en el siguiente documento.
Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano – Said El Mansour Cherkaoui – 1990
Mariachi Marrakechi: Said El Mansour Cherkaoui
ENGLISH
Celebration of 33 years of Interest in Mexico
Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano (Spanish pronunciation: [kwauˈtemok ˈkarðenas]; born May 1, 1934) is a prominent Mexican politician. He was a former Head of Government of the Federal District and a founder of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD).
I went to Mexico, where I continued my conversation with Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas. In fact, we had started at Berkeley in California and continued in Paris in France. In the remains of his illustrious father, Lazaro Cardenas. During our meetings, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas presented his position and that of his party, the Party of the Democratic Revolution, whose political momentum was sparked by the success of the candidacy of Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas in the 1988 presidential election.This interview with Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas took place in the month of August 1990 and to celebrate this total of 25 years, a summary of the relevant exchanges I was published in France that I offer to all of you in the following document.
Mariachi Marrakechi: Said El Mansour Cherkaoui
A la Veille de la Signature du Traité de Libre-Echange entre les Etats-Unis, le Canada et le Mexique, Rencontre avec Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas dans sa Demeure de la Capitale Mexicaine:Je me suis rendu au Mexique ou j’ai continué ma conversation avec Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas. En fait, nous l’avions entamé a Berkeley en Californie et continué a Paris en France. Dans la demeure de son illustre Père, Lazaro Cárdenas. Durant nos rencontres, Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas présenta ses positions et celle de son parti, le Parti de la Révolution Démocratique, dont le dynamisme politique fut suscité par le succès de la candidature de Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas à l’élection présidentielle de 1988.Cet entretien avec Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas s’est déroulé au mois d’Août 1990 et pour célébrer ce total de 33 ans, un résumé des échanges correspondants fut publié en France que je vous offre dans le document
Augusto 2023 – 7/20/2023 Esta es la fecha de 33 años y hoy se cumplen más años de este hecho entre Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano – Dijo El Mansour Cherkaoui
August 1990 – 7/20/2023 This the date for 33 years and today is more years have passed since this event took place between Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano – Said El Mansour Cherkaoui
Août 1990 – 20/07/2023 C’est la date depuis 33 ans et aujourd’hui plus d’années se sont écoulées depuis que cet événement a eu lieu entre Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano – Said El Mansour Cherkaoui
Author: Dr. Said El Mansour Cherkaoui was Researcher at the Laboratoire 111 Associated with the CNRS and hold a Doctorate from the Sorbonne University and the Institut des Hautes Etudes de l’Amérique Latine, Paris.
The North American Free Trade Agreement created a preferential tariff area among the United States, Canada, and Mexico beginning on January 1, 1994. However, the drive for regional economic cooperation had begun as early as 1851 with bilateral free trade negotiations between the United States and Canada. A free trade area involving the United States and all of Latin America was advocated by U.S. secretary … Continue reading
L’Accord de libre-échange nord-américain (ALÉNA) -Rencontre avec Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas 8/29/2015 – to this date of 5/8/2022 Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano – Said El Mansour Cherkaoui [Spanish – English – French] Celebración de 32 años de Said El Mansour Cherkaoui interés en México En la víspera de la firma del Tratado de Libre Comercio entre Estados Unidos, Canadá y México, fui a México, donde continué mi conversación … Continue reading
NAFTA at 20: One Million U.S. Jobs Lost, Higher Income Inequality By Lori Wallach My New Year’s celebrations this year were haunted by memories of January 1, 1994 — the day that the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) went into effect. I remember crying that day, thinking about the proud men and women in union halls across America, the Mexican campesinos and the inspiring Canadian activists I … Continue reading
NAFTA Overview and Its Effect on Undocumented Immigration NAFTA stands for the North American Free Trade Agreement and it is a Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) between the United States, Mexico, and Canada. A PTA is an agreement between a group of countries to levy low or zero tariffs against imports from members. NAFTA took effect in January of 1994, and at the time, it was … Continue reading
President Trump said the United States and Mexico would be entering into a new trade deal called the United States-Mexico trade agreement, and that he wanted to get rid of the name of the 24-year-old North American Free Trade Agreement, a crucial step toward revamping a trade pact that has appeared on the brink of collapse during the past year of negotiations. Mr. Trump has … Continue reading
The North American Free Trade Agreement created a preferential tariff area among the United States, Canada, and Mexico beginning on January 1, 1994. However, the drive for regional economic cooperation had begun as early as 1851 with bilateral free trade negotiations between the United States and Canada. A free trade area involving the United States … Lire la Suite →
Why the big push for NAFTA if the promised gains were so modest and uncertain? Some of the explanation centers on the indirect benefits the United States could expect to derive from the Mexican prosperity predicted to result from its recent liberalization–if NAFTA could make it permanent. Even if NAFTA created no net trade increases …Lire la Suite →
CROSS THE BORDER WITH TACO BELL NO CROSSING THE WALL WITH SMART DETECTORS Climbing the Wall and the Van of the Migra: Border US-Mexico The issue of immigration was not tackled, reduced or resolved neither with the Bracero Program, the Maquiladoras, the opening of the Mexican Economy and its complete liberalization and privatization, and the …Lire la Suite →
Comunidad Hispana – Alameda County, Bay Area of San Francisco, North California
As Business Consultant at the East Bay Small Business Development Center and the Center for International Trade Development (including the East Bay Center for International Trade Development) between 1993 to 1998 and 2001 to 2007, I have worked with the Hispanic communities and their business executives and individual entrepreneurs as well as the Hispanic Chamber of Commerce of Alameda County and Sacramento.
Dr. Said El Mansour Cherkaoui, representante del Centro para el Desarrollo del Comercio Internacional (CITD) y Marruecos en una sesión ejecutiva de trabajo y una recepción organizada por las Cámaras Hispanas de Comercio de California, Condado de Alameda, Estados Unidos de America (www.cahcc.com).
China is just catching up with the rest of the developed world and has all the right to expand its relations with Latin America like the rest of the globe, no more Monroe Doctrine or the Mercantilism Time for Latin America.
Latin American countries are opting for diverse international trade, economic and financial relationships and seeking also to learn about different cultures than the ones they inherited from the Europeans.
Since the independence movement and since the mid of the early 19th century, Latin American leaders have been seeking the inclusion of Asians in their economies as a way to reinforce their modernization drive and consolidate their urban population. Brazil and Peru have been in the forefront of such opening and acceptance of Japanese and Chinese citizens to the point that during the second war, Brazil became the target of investigations and surveillance of the Japanese community living mainly in the Sao Paulo State.
In fact, Brazil has been and still is the country who has the largest Japanese community living outside of Japan while Peru had a President of Japanese descent.
Within such historical and cultural ties of Latin America, China actually is renewing and renovating the inheritance of shared common memories that were built by previous generations.
Una vez más después del Premio Noble en tiempo real y esta vez como maravilla del mundo virtual, el mismo Hombre de la Izquierda es celebrado por la derecha: Google honró al activista y Premio Nobel Gabriel García Márquez, en lo que hubiera sido su 91º cumpleaños , con un Doodle. Márquez es ampliamente conocido … Lire la Suite →
Le secteur informel du Pérou, du Brésil, de la Colombie comme au Mexique pour ne citer que les plus en vue, s’était érigé comme une alternative a l’inertie bureaucratique des Etats gouvernés a l’époque par des juntes militaires ou des -bureaucrates-technocratiques dont l’essentiel de la politique était de lutter contre ce qu’ils considéraient la subversion militante des syndicats et des partis représentants les travailleurs et les paysans pauvres.…Lire la Suite →
Le Paraguay signale le premier cas COVID-19, l’Argentine signale le premier décès en Amérique du Sud – 8 mars 2020 Amérique du Sud Dévastée par le Coronavirus La propagation du coronavirus « s’accélère » au Brésil, au Pérou et au Chili, a prévenu ce mardi une agence régionale de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé, appelant ces pays à ne … Lire la suite Amérique du Sud Défiait par Coronavirus
Argentina gets new president amid economic crisis 28th October, 2019 02:15:48 Centre-left opposition candidate Alberto Fernández has been elected president of Argentina in a vote dominated by economic concerns. Mr Fernández secured more than the 45% of the vote needed to win, beating conservative incumbent Mauricio Macri. Raucous crowds gathered at Mr Fernández’s election headquarters…Lire la Suite →juin 1, 2020
★ The United States and Brazil signed three agreements Monday October 19, 2020, they said would expand and deepen their existing trade deal, the latest bonding moment under Presidents Donald Trump and Jair Bolsonaro. The new protocol adds chapters on facilitating trade, regulatory practices and anti-corruption measures. BRASILIA – Export-Import Bank of the United States (EXIM) President and Chairman Kimberly A. Reed today signed a … Continue reading
Brazil reintroduces a tax on US ethanol imports. A setback for Donald Trump, who would like to sign up for a second term … Brasilia restored a 20% tariff on US ethanol imports. Washington authorities administration, have put a lot of pressure to maintain a favorable exemption for the US ethanol given the importance this American industry has gained politically and economically. Brazil exempts up …Continue reading
★ The United States and Brazil signed three agreements Monday October 19, 2020, they said would expand and deepen their existing trade deal, the latest bonding moment under Presidents Donald Trump and Jair Bolsonaro. The new protocol adds chapters on facilitating trade, regulatory practices and anti-corruption measures. BRASILIA – Export-Import Bank of the United States (EXIM) President and Chairman Kimberly A. Reed today signed a … Continue reading
الترجمة العربية الدكتور سعيد الشرقاوي المنصور تخرجت من معهد الدراسات المتقدمة في أمريكا اللاتينية وجامعة السوربون ومعهد للبحوث الاقتصادية والتخطيط والعلوم معهد بو للجامعة من غرونوبل. الدكتور الشرقاوي هو أول مغربي قد اتبعت هذا القطاع والانتماء مع CNRS من خلال التخصص الدكتوراه الموازي في مجال البحوث والبحوث رقة نشرت في أمريكا اللاتينية. هذا اللقاء التاريخي…Lire la Suite →
Three Heads of State Falling out of Grace in Brazil Global Center for Trade – GLOCENTRA – المركز العالمي للتجارة – Centre Global pour le Commerce Centro Global de Comercio Brazil’s former President Michel Temer was arrested on Thursday [March 19, 2019] in “Operation Radioactivity,” a probe of alleged graft in the construction of a…Lire la Suite →
Political Corruption and Samba Festival in the Alvorada Palace = Petrobras pays corruption settlement Brazilian state-run oil giant Petrobras has agreed to pay a $853.2 million over one of the largest corruption scandals to ever hit Brazil. The settlement will be split between American and Brazilian authorities, both of which investigated the scandal uncovered in 2014 and…Lire la Suite →
Brazil’s Petrobras to pay $853.2 million in penalties September 27, 2018 This morning the DOJ and SEC announced that Petrobras, a Brazilian state-owned and state-controlled energy company, entered into agreements with U.S. and Brazilian authorities “in connection with Petrobras’s role in facilitating payments to politicians and political parties in Brazil, as well as a related Brazilian investigation.”After… Lire la Suite →
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui La Relation ambivalente entre l`état fédéral et les grands groupes d`intérêts privés au Brésil dans la première moitié du XX éme siècle La Relation entre la Velha Mazagao et la Nova Mazagao est une Répétition de ma Propre Histoire de Recherche Académique. J’avais mis la main sur une notation de ce … Lire la suite Brésil et Said El Mansour Cherkaoui
Nouveau Épicentre de la Coronavirus Pandémie Globale: Brésil Les Prises de Position Vagues des Dirigeants, la Croyance Religieuse et la Réalité Scientifique des Cas Infectés par la Pandémie Coronavirus « En Amérique du Sud, nous sommes particulièrement inquiets étant donné que le nombre de nouveaux cas enregistré la semaine dernière au Brésil est le plus haut sur … Lire la suite Brésil Nouveau Centre Incubateur Mondial de la Coronavirus
LULA LIBRE ! Lula libéré de prison, accueilli par une marée rouge de partisans JAMAIS DEUX SANS TROIS: RIVALITÉ POLITIQUE ET CORRUPTION PRÉSIDENTIELLE Le Brésil n’est point étranger aux crises. Après la fin de deux décennies de règne militaire en 1985, le premier président élu directement, Fernando Collor, a été mis en accusation en 1992. … Lire la suite
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui publié le 1/1/2017 – Cherkaoui Journal صحيفة الشرقاوي Le Brésil n’est point étranger aux crises, après la fin de deux décennies de règne militaire en 1985, le premier président élu directement, Fernando Collor, a été mis en accusation en 1992. Le Brésil n’a pas encore échapper aux deux crises, politique et … Lire la suiteBrésil: Défaillance Politique et Crise Economique
Le Paraguay signale le premier cas COVID-19, l’Argentine signale le premier décès en Amérique du Sud – 8 mars 2020 Amérique du Sud Dévastée par le Coronavirus La propagation du coronavirus « s’accélère » au Brésil, au Pérou et au Chili, a prévenu ce mardi une agence régionale de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé, appelant ces pays à ne … Lire la suiteAmérique du Sud Défiait par Coronavirus
June 4, 2020 · Argentina economic crisis that has left a third of its population in poverty Centre-left opposition candidate Alberto Fernández has been elected president of Argentina in a vote dominated by economic concerns. Mr Fernández secured more than the 45% of the vote needed to win, beating conservative incumbent Mauricio Macri. Raucous crowds gathered at Mr Fernández’s election headquarters to celebrate the result. The vote was … Continue reading
June 4, 2020 · Argentina economic crisis that has left a third of its population in poverty Centre-left opposition candidate Alberto Fernández has been elected president of Argentina in a vote dominated by economic concerns. Mr Fernández secured more than the 45% of the vote needed to win, beating conservative incumbent Mauricio Macri. Raucous crowds gathered at Mr Fernández’s election headquarters to celebrate the result. … Continue reading
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in Latin America face major organizational challenges stemming from globalization and shifting corporate paradigms. In a world of change, businesses frequently try to seize new export opportunities, compete with imports in liberalized markets, partner with large multinational firms or attract outside investors or buyers. In such an environment, companies with traditional personalized organizational hierarchies tied to a single owner … Continue reading
Una vez más después del Premio Noble en tiempo real y esta vez como maravilla del mundo virtual, el mismo Hombre de la Izquierda es celebrado por la derecha: Google honró al activista y Premio Nobel Gabriel García Márquez, en lo que hubiera sido su 91º cumpleaños , con un Doodle. Márquez es ampliamente conocido…Lire la Suite →
Le secteur informel du Pérou, du Brésil, de la Colombie comme au Mexique pour ne citer que les plus en vue, s’était érigé comme une alternative a l’inertie bureaucratique des Etats gouvernés a l’époque par des juntes militaires ou des -bureaucrates-technocratiques dont l’essentiel de la politique était de lutter contre ce qu’ils considéraient la subversion militante des syndicats et des partis représentants les travailleurs et les paysans pauvres.…Lire la Suite →
★ The United States and Brazil signed three agreements Monday October 19, 2020, they said would expand and deepen their existing trade deal, the latest bonding moment under Presidents Donald Trump and Jair Bolsonaro. The new protocol adds chapters on facilitating trade, regulatory practices and anti-corruption measures. BRASILIA – Export-Import Bank of the United States (EXIM) President and Chairman Kimberly A. Reed today signed a … Continue reading
Brazil reintroduces a tax on US ethanol imports. A setback for Donald Trump, who would like to sign up for a second term … Brasilia restored a 20% tariff on US ethanol imports. Washington authorities administration, have put a lot of pressure to maintain a favorable exemption for the US ethanol given the importance this American industry has gained politically and economically. Brazil exempts up … Continue reading
الترجمة العربية الدكتور سعيد الشرقاوي المنصور تخرجت من معهد الدراسات المتقدمة في أمريكا اللاتينية وجامعة السوربون ومعهد للبحوث الاقتصادية والتخطيط والعلوم معهد بو للجامعة من غرونوبل. الدكتور الشرقاوي هو أول مغربي قد اتبعت هذا القطاع والانتماء مع CNRS من خلال التخصص الدكتوراه الموازي في مجال البحوث والبحوث رقة نشرت في أمريكا اللاتينية. هذا اللقاء التاريخي…Lire la Suite →
Three Heads of State Falling out of Grace in Brazil Global Center for Trade – GLOCENTRA – المركز العالمي للتجارة – Centre Global pour le Commerce Centro Global de Comercio Brazil’s former President Michel Temer was arrested on Thursday [March 19, 2019] in “Operation Radioactivity,” a probe of alleged graft in the construction of a…Lire la Suite →
Political Corruption and Samba Festival in the Alvorada Palace = Petrobras pays corruption settlement Brazilian state-run oil giant Petrobras has agreed to pay a $853.2 million over one of the largest corruption scandals to ever hit Brazil. The settlement will be split between American and Brazilian authorities, both of which investigated the scandal uncovered in 2014 and…Lire la Suite →
Brazil’s Petrobras to pay $853.2 million in penalties September 27, 2018 This morning the DOJ and SEC announced that Petrobras, a Brazilian state-owned and state-controlled energy company, entered into agreements with U.S. and Brazilian authorities “in connection with Petrobras’s role in facilitating payments to politicians and political parties in Brazil, as well as a related Brazilian investigation.”…Lire la Suite →
Dr. Said El Mansour Cherkaoui
Additional International Biographical References and Selected International Publications
. Said El Mansour Cherkaoui. American Institute of Entrepreneurship in Africa, Oakland. Said El Mansour Cherkaoui. Other names Said Cherkaoui. Tateyoko Research Institute. Verified email at triconsultingkyoto.com – Homepage … Continue Reading: Said El Mansour Cherkaoui https://scholar.google.com › citations
Jul 3, 2023 — Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Research and Publications on Latin America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Peru · Publication by the Golden Gate … Continue Reading: glocentra.comhttps://glocentra.com › 2023/07/03
San Francisco Bay Area · Tateyoko Research Institute – Cherkaoui was teaching in our international MBA program. Said brought not only a solid academic background to the classroom, but also a wealth of business … Continue Reading: LinkedInhttps://www.linkedin.com › drsaidcherkaoui
Dr. Said Cherkaoui is an exceptional figure in international business development. His broad range of expertise covers all ranges of economic development, with … Continue Reading: Weeblyhttp://glocentra.weebly.com › dr-said-el-mansour-cher…
Dr. Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Strategist Globetrotter, Advisor, Consultant, Planner, Academician and Trainer … Scholars at University of California, Davis … Continue Reading: Facebookhttps://www.facebook.com › … › Videos
San Francisco Bay Area · Tateyoko Research Institute – Provide services to U.S. executives, foreign decision makers and governmental agencies in California, Guiyang, Shanghai, Yunnan and Dalian in China, Mexico, … Continue Reading: LinkedInhttps://www.linkedin.com › drsaidcherkaoui
:strip_icc():format(webp)/reaganomics-did-it-work-would-it-today-3305569-FINAL-5bc4c49a46e0fb0026b4a44a.png)
Said Cherkaoui 24 