President Bush, likening Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein to Adolf Hitler, told Americans on Wednesday “a line has been drawn in the sand” with his decision to send U.S. troops to defend oil-rich Saudi Arabia against Iraqi troops massed on the Saudi border. “Appeasement does not work,” Bush said in a nationally televised speech explaining the troop movements that began Tuesday morning. “As was the case in the 1930s, we see in Saddam Hussein an aggressive dictator threatening his neighbors .
Seventy-one Chinese military aircraft crossed the sensitive median line of the Taiwan Strait on Saturday as China began drills around Taiwan in anger at President Tsai Ing-wen’s meeting with the speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives.
The three-day drills, announced the day after Tsai returned from the United States, had been widely expected after Beijing condemned her Wednesday meeting with Speaker Kevin McCarthy in Los Angeles.
China views democratically governed Taiwan as its own territory and has never renounced the use of force to bring the island under its control. Taiwan’s government strongly objects to China’s claims.
The Taiwan Strait is a 180-kilometer (110 mi; 97 nmi)-wide strait separating the island of Taiwan and continental Asia.
The strait is part of the South China Sea and connects to the East China Sea to the north.
The narrowest part is 130 km (81 mi; 70 nmi) wide.
Sciences Po Grenoble in 1977-78: Right-Wing Extremist Fortress and False Progressives
To my African Sisters and Brothers
Those who have not lived in front of the anti-African reality to realize at their level how it could put their lives in complete failure.
Hoping my story can help them open their eyes wider
While I was a young student at Sciences Po Grenoble in France, where I lived one of the most devastating in my life stories which undermined all the ingredients and opportunities for another Made In Great Britain future of the time but my pride to be an African and to remain so was worth all the losses I endured thereafter like a cascade of magma burning everything in my path.
My wounds have never been healed but my African dignity is my eternal strength
I am proud to have always supported Africa wherever I go and this through the Education I received from my Mother and my Father, Rahma Wa Ghofrane for all our parents, Amen
Africa between the Walls of Sciences Po Grenoble – France: Right-wing Extremist Fortress and False Progressives in 1977-78
Sciences Po de Grenoble de France in 1977-78: Africa – China and Development of Morocco
In France, while I was still a student in Grenoble and in a Seminar during the same year where I was going to be granted the final / Second Cycle Diploma of Sciences Po needed to start my Doctoral studies.
I formulated a project on the Development of China, defending it as the only model to imitate, adopt, implement and follow by all our former African colonies which were, in the 1970s, shaken by the brutality and sudden oscillations of the international market, the energy market, the commodity market and the social unrest and civil wars ignited by the external pressure that make Africa an open Volcano.
All these inflaming recipes for disaster where kept hot and burning under the weight of foreign debt and the deepening of social gaps, poverty and social conflicts and wars civil. It became urgent and unavoidable to formulate another way and another strategy of development than that inherited from the former colonial countries and the international creditor institutions which took over in the consolidation of new forms of dependence on the outside. Africa was thus divided and faced with the new forces of the international market now undermined by conflicts for the monopoly of energy and natural resources.
An Africa which oscillated between the open rivalries between the Soviet Bloc, China, India and the liberal Western countries whose war in Vietnam and in the Middle East also remained the direct results of such a division of the international market and which nourished the causes of the conflagration and bursting of Africa into geostrategic inter-conflict zones of influence aggravating its internal difficulties imposing blockages for its social and economic emancipation based on the satisfaction of the rights and needs of its own citizens .
The price I paid for development in China
Conceptual Love Story of Said El Mansour Cherkaoui with the Development of Africa by the implementation of the Model of China in 1978 which attracted me the Jealous Lightnings of the Nostalgic of the Colonial and Neo-Colonial Era at Sciences Po of Grenoble France
in 1977, I presented and defended the Chinese Development Model as the only way to develop Africa and this in front of a tough representative of the RPR (Rally for the Republic – French Political Party), in fact this individual was rather an extreme right hidden and undeclared who was Lecturer – I should say a little blackmailer and master of disasters – at the Institute of Political Studies of the University of Grenoble.
This madman Facho Lecturer Disastrous tried to blackmail me and impose his will and his ideological tendencies on my thinking. He wanted me to change my mind and to tell all the students present in the Seminar that China is not the way to go as a model of national development for third world countries that are looking for ‘an honorable way out and an alternative magnifying their human senses in the face of underdevelopment, poverty and misery and the shameful exploitation of their human and natural resources by Lobbies,
I refused and I lost a year and many other levels of life and existence but not my worldview which turned out to be the way things have evolved since and over time which confirmed my certainties of that time
This poor type of “Lecturer” did not appreciate my research and my presentation that I made at this Institute for the Department of Economics and Finance at the Institute of Political Studies of the University of Grenoble. It was the last year for obtaining the Diploma. He completely fired me but God gave the right answer and punishment for his abuse of me.
China also became a new state based on its own capabilities and the input and guidance of Deng Xiaoping (August 22, 1904 – February 19, 1997) who was the centerpiece of my presentation.
Despite this moron and the obstacle he tried to put in my way thinking of national development, I continued my journey by obtaining a doctorate from the University of the Sorbonne, Paris on the same theme while creating a new concept of sub-capitalism as a result of the insertion into the international market and later I was invited by the Government of China to form their companies here in Oakland, California and China (see photos below -attached).
On the occasion of my Triumph over Racism and the Academic Smallness of the Pseudo-Right in Grenoble, and what time much later confirmed my choices and my analyzes on economic development, I offer here to all my Friends this article on China deploying its forces based on the use of its own resources in response to a real and sincere need for national development and international affirmation at all levels.
When you believe in an ideal and you pursue it with honesty and sense of self-discipline and respect to the ones who pave the ways and extend the means, you can only arrive at good port while sailing through storms and high tides but you know where you are coming from and where you are going and that is the orientation and the focus of your drive and trip through all what the existence will make you to be.
With such driving forces on me, 3 years after the date of starting residency in the United States, I started connecting myself to the rest of the outside world, including China and in the mid-1990s, I arranged business and trade visits for the Vice-Mayor of Beijing and for Chinese dignitaries, executives, and officials to the San Francisco Bay Area and provided them with consulting services and training on international business development.
Moreover and more than twenty years ago from today, a British organization and publishing house in London asked me to conduct research on the development of telecommunications and technology in China.
Here are two extracts of this research which were published in London, United Kingdom. My research like all the other works of my study-researches that I had carried out, my analysis on China was oriented through a prospective vision and a prediction of the effects and manifestations that could be generated later and in the future of the countries.
In this research work, I have highlighted the direct and ambivalent relationship and the pivotal role of the Chinese state in the direct development of technology in China. During this research and at the same time, I was working as an international business manager at Sprint Corp and as co-chair of the international committee of the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce, where I had the opportunity to facilitate the visit of the vice -Mayor of Beijing and a delegation of senior Chinese executives.
Concurrently, I was teaching a set of curriculum studies and courses on telecommunications, digital security, and national technology development at the School of Technology at Golden Gate University in San Francisco. All of this involvement and interest in China and as a senior consultant to the Center for International Business Development in Oakland and Berkeley, I was invited by the Chinese government and the Guizhou provincial government who gave me the best of the best treatment I have ever received and this comparing their treatment of me to any entity in the world that I have had direct dealings with.
France from 1973 – 1987 with and by Said El Mansour Cherkaoui
Above all this, during my fifteen years and more spent within its walls, France for me is above all and after all, France is a land of asylum and to continue my sporting, artistic, cultural and academic activities and for that I remain full of gratitude to the people who helped me make this journey and cross these fields with knowledge. Of course I experienced a lot of rejection and marginalization but that as they say was part of the territory I covered and I grew up.
If I take a look at what I have experienced, I would say France, which is high in my vision of this world, it is that of those who were exceptional individuals who were devoted to helping others, to the success of others and above all a “Stranger” like I was always considered by others in clandestine and silent France and sometimes angry and stormy by his own lack of inner peace and that since the time of the Romans.
France was in 1977-78 in full effervescence of internal struggles on the right guided by two former collaborators and accomplices [Giscard D’Estaing and Jacques Chirac] in the fall and the very resignation of the Father of the 5th Republic and Liberator of Paris , Charles DeGaulle.
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui 25/9/19 Oakland USA Le Grand Jacques L’ancien président Jacques Chirac s’est éteint à l’âge de 86 ans, jeudi 26 septembre, « paisiblement » et « au milieu des siens », a annoncé à l’AFP son gendre Frédéric Salat-Baroux. L’Elysée, le rêve d’une vie Jacques Chirac était parvenu à conquérir l’Elysée – rêve d’une vie pour ce fils unique –…Lire la Suite →
In March 1978, it was the “Champ de Mars” an institutional war in the form of legislative elections by which the new movement advocated by Chirac against Giscard soon became a powerful electoral machine oriented both against the opposition and against the “Giscardiens”, by wanting to embody a middle way between “the demagogic program of the socialo-communist left” and “the solutions of the conservative, orthodox, classical right”
During this same year, as regards the Seminar of Practical Work on Political Marketing with Madame Freyssinet, the wife of the famous economist Prof. in Grenoble too. In this research work, I had opted for the preparation of political mobilization campaigns led by the political current of the French Communist Party [PCF] under Georges Marchais and the General Confederation of Labor [CGT] with Georges Séguy as secretary. What interested me especially with regard to the relations between the PCF and the CGT having as a central stake the participation in the government of left for the PCF and trade-union independence for the CGT. So,
My extra-curriculum activities can be summarized as follows:
My positions and my analyzes within student organizations
The discussions held either in the Restaurant and the University Cafeteria,
Debates in the study and practical work rooms
Participation in meetings of student unions in France, Morocco and Africa: UNEF, UNEM and UEA
The organization and intervention in solidarity events for Chilean exiles in Villeneuve
Participations in the rehabilitation of the city center of Grenoble for the integration of immigrant families
The French lessons that I gave to North African and sub-Saharan workers freshly arrived from Africa.
My direct contacts with the workers of my own city of birth and their integration into the sports activities that I trained on the Campus of Saint-Martin-d’Hères and everywhere else in the City of Grenoble.
All these academic and social activities have earned me sincere friends that I keep until now and a Moroccan guy too who pretended to be what he did not turn out to be and therefore in the light of time and the contours of the sincere memory, he revealed himself as a clandestine collaborator of the fallen regimes of oppression and discrimination, he is therefore the mole as we said among the clandestine opponents who fed these unmarked Masters / Mistresses of Conference of Disaster for anything that calls into question their intellectual, academic, social and even universal ethnocentrism and segregationism.
Thus, in 1977-78, a disastrous lecturer and neurotic as a bonus, before the end of the university year had an operation on his brain. A scar ran up and down his forehead making him look like Francestein , and for months before the presentation of my work as an analyst on Africa, this future Frankstein was in convalescence.
This surgical operation did not make him a better human being, on the contrary, it added to him more reminiscences towards the rest of us who refused the licking of boots and submission to individuals and outdated and neo-colonial currents of thought nostalgic for their abusive and exploitative pasts of the brains, bodies and raw materials of countries that have become at least aware of their possibility of renewing their human and civilizational dignity. We were the generation of the correction of abuses and stereotypes, the post-independence generation which was more fictitious in terms of economic development and remained more anchored both in the nodes of the colonial past and of divisions between the nascent nations. .
During the convalescence of this Franckstein , we Africans met at the Library to continue the preparation of our presentation since the sessions of this practical work were at night and this Repressed from the Far Right – Facho, a residue of the nostalgists of Action Française .
We remained spread out in the Library and the Reading Rooms in the University Residences of the Campus of Saint-Martin d’Hères where we met to share our ideas and our visions on Africa. All the Students in my seminar were either football players like me, so we trained together and played against each other in the African University Championship that we organize together,
So in 1977-78, a drunken Far-Right lecturer and extremist member of the Rassemblement pour la République (RPR) rejected my presentation on the adaptation of the Chinese Model of Development in Africa. He gave me a note which was doubled and I lost a year of study and at the same time the loss of a scholarship to the Institute of Development Studies in Brighton and my future wife also who is of United Kingdom nationality. A cascade of failures ensued for me that spanned several areas that I had previously tried to separate with the rest.
Giant Surge of the Panda and Awakening of the Paper Tiger Reports and Analysis on China Published in Cherkaoui Journal by Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Said El Mansour Cherkaoui and China 新年快乐 – Xīnnián Kuàilè Invited by the Chinese Government to facilitate the international expansion of Chinese companies and to provide training to the leaders […] Continue Reading
THE FATE AND REWARD OF AFRICAN DIGNITY IN CHINA FOR DR. SAID EL MANSOUR CHERKAOUI – 27 YEARS LATER
Doing Business in / with China China and Said El Mansour Cherkaoui – GLOBAL LEVERAGE My interest in China Development Strategy since 1976 in France. My love story with China cost me a year in SciencesPo Dr. Said El Mansour Cherkaoui conducts Executive Sessions on business and trade development in Europe, Africa and the United […] Continue Reading
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Africa Digital – Morocco Digitall 🌍 Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Works and Publications Online on Africa / Afrique 🌍 For your perusal thought Morocco is more sovereign than this poor and unrealistic Map of Africa, this is a Colonial Time and Divisive showing of Morocco, Africans should strive to be in an independent mindset and … Continue reading Africa Digital – Morocco Digitall🌎 ACTUALITÉ INTERNATIONALE 🌍 AFRIQUE 🌍 MAROC
Africa – Treasure and Client for European Money Factory Version Française: December 9, 2022 Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Most French-speaking African countries are known to print their currency with the French central bank and the French printing company Oberthur Fiduciaire. 14 African countries are obliged by France, through a colonial pact, to […] Said El Mansour Cherkaoui – Africa Treasure Of FranceContinue Reading
新年快乐 – Xīnnián Kuàilè Invited by the Chinese Government to facilitate the international expansion of Chinese companies and to provide training to the leaders of Chinese companies on the requirements of business internationalization and the development of logistics sof market-entry including distribution in Western Europe and United States of America. This invitation followed the organization … Continue reading Said El Mansour Cherkaoui and China – Oakland Chronicle
My Generation of Students in France was a Generation that knew the Europeans and the French of Morocco very closely, we lived together in Morocco, shared the same emotions, and we rubbed against the same winds and the same tides and waves of the Atlantic than those of common existence. We were neighbors in everything, in the neighborhood, in schools, high schools and parties and dances. We practiced the same sports, Tennis, Fencing , Handball, Volleyball, Basketball and even the sports of everyday life of System D.
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui – Tennis in Mazagan – El Jadida – Morocco
Pic Right side: Said El Mansour Cherkaoui – Fencing Club – Cercle d’Escrime de Mazagan – El Jadida – Morocco
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Football Player UNEM Grenoble France
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Player in Munster 08 Bundesliga Germany
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui – ASPTT Basketball Team Montpellier, France
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui USEJ Basketball El Jadida – Morocco
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui, Montpellier Academy, French Handball Championship
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui – Moroccan National Pre-Olympic Handball Team – Zone Africa at Tunisia
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Player at JOC Volleyball – Morocco
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Bellevue Agdal Equipe Nationale Marocaine Basketball – Bouchaib et Hachad
Our teachers and our schoolmasters were our models of success, they were our daily mentors and we were full of gratitude and good feelings towards them in the same way as those we nourished towards our compatriots. Judaic Amazighs.
I had the opportunity to grow up and be taught by a class of Europeans born in Morocco in Doukkala who practiced the same popular language with the accent of our Doukkala and could not be differentiated from my uncles from the countryside or from the city of Mazagan – Mriziga – El Jadida and that by Victor Puglisi, Antoine “Nounou” Oulad Baggio, Maurice Ratel, Alain [Allal] Goirin, Carpozen, Dr. Paoletti, Laporte, Perrault, Marco, Ardouin, Petersen, Vidal, Rizzo, Jacquetty, Adigard des Gautries, Gonzalez, Lepine, Tachx, Gicquel, Clegnac, Perez, Salinas, Gimenez, Martinez, Borgia, Laplante, Tibaudet, Marais, Philippe, Rivière, Dr. Ingarao, Dr. Verdier, Manetti, Vidal, Dufour, Cricket, Sellier, Balestrino,
Defending Africa or Defending an Industrial Development Model in Morocco by taking the example of Great Britain, is to have on our backs the revengeful and the slaughterers Conference / Arena Masters where we were Gladiators fighting for our intellectual survival and our academic rescue. These bludgeoners of novelty and the projection of ideas in the space of reflection and prospection did not want to admit the limit of their own existences as a claimant to the possession of knowledge and could not have the human courage and the individual honesty for and to recognize their dark ignorances.
This drowning in the absolute of ignorance was conveyed by their search for having the upper hand in order to possess this mental comfort of having North African Students still engulfed in the notion of the “Béni Oui Oui” and the followers of the model of metropolitan neo-colonial modernization that feeds their bellies and fills their wallets and does not accept any alternatives or proposals other than those on which they build their pseudo-knowledge and the basis of their knowledge on the repression of new ideas that are binding and competing their decline by novelty and creativity that time and fate could only confirm.
Within the premises of the building of the Institut d’Etudes Politiques SciencesPo de Grenoble, walking down the corridor starting from the entrance facing the Diderot university restaurant of the CROUS and at the back on the right just before the back exit which leads to the car park and the University Library,on the right were the rooms for the practical work and in one of these rooms the outrage happened to make me repeat the year just for having dared to present and defend the conclusion of my research which is to say that it is China which is and would be the example of economic development that African countries and the rest of the Third World countries should embrace and adopt for their own economic take-off and to adapt Chinese strategies aimed at poverty reduction and stimulation of social progress and this through an orientation of constructive and developmental socialism and this was by no means the first or the last time that I suffered the wrath of the teachers “backward,fascists and racists” who wore progressive and left-wing thinkers just to occupy lucrative positions and not out of ideological or humanist conviction.
It was necessary to overcome these obstacles to reach the higher level of the Diplôme des Etudes Approfondies to finally find and rub shoulders with the true masters of thought and application of socio-human principles such as my research directors and appointed Professors who facilitated intellectual development, the success of their disciples and their students: Ian Dessau, Yves Barel, Debernis, Freyssinet and others whose ethical spirit and integrity I salute, worthy of all and eternal recognition and praise.
The Academic Prize I Paid for Defending China ‘s Development as a Model for African Economies
The Academic Price I Paid Defending the China Development as Model for African Economies
Published on September 4, 2015 – French & English Version
Text in French with Translation in English In France, when I was … Continue reading
The Price I Paid for China’s Development as the Model for Africa
I defended the Chinese Model of Development in 1977 against a Representative and a hard RPR (Rally for the Republic – Chiraquian obedience at the time) and perhaps even a camouflaged extreme right who was a lecturer – I should say a little blackmailer of disasters – at the Institute of Political Studies of the University of Grenoble.
This pseudo-instructor tried to blackmail me so that I change my mind, ideological orientation and political direction and to say in front of all the Students that the West and the French Metropolis have all the solutions for the development of nations formerly colonized. Since I was looking for and advocating another model of development that I had identified in China, he wanted me to declare that China was not the example to follow for economic development for Third World countries.
For him, it is the European countries which were the providers of revenue and means for the development of African countries. My choice became for him a personal matter since other African Students were also part of the Seminar in which I anticipated the results of my research project.
My presentation was in fact centered on the logic of forced underdevelopment on our economies and how to break the shackles of Neo-Colonialism and the subjection of our national decisions and strategies to the good wishes and vagaries of the international situation and market supporters. international financial, commercial and even martial.
I refused and I lost a year but not my vision of the world which turned out to be correct over time.
This “poor guy”, he did not appreciate my research work and my presentation in front of all the other Students of the Economics and Finance section at the Institute of Political Studies of Grenoble. It was the last year for obtaining the Diploma of the Institute. He completely sacked me, but the Good Lord repaid him for his abuse.
China also became a new State on bases which were effectively supported by Deng Xiaoping (August 22, 1904 – February 19, 1997) whose photo is the one introducing this draft.
I had effectively demonstrated that the Modernization put in place by this seasoned politician, Deng Xiaoping, was bringing about change. I maintained that the corresponding changes were therefore going to upset the chessboard and the game of the internationalization of capital and the consequent international division of labour. The modification of these two vectors of foreign investment in third countries will no longer be made according to their own operating and exploitation conditions, but that China, taking the examples of Taiwan, the Philippines, Malaysia and Singapore, was going to find a way other than that followed by those countries that had been dubbed the “New Industrial Countries and the Dragons of Asia.”
China was seeking to distance itself from such a product assembly model and to integrate into its industrial fabric its own innovative technology with high added value per product and per operation in each industrial unit. This approach had subsequently effectively promoted China’s technological momentum while allowing it to find a place among the economic powers of Asia and the world.
Despite this moron and the obstacle he tried to put in my path of reflection and reference for national development, I continued my journey until I was invited by the Government of China to train their Business Leaders here in Oakland (California) and in China itself and where his photos were taken. Likewise, in the meantime, I had even defended a doctoral thesis at the Sorbonne University on the same subject of economic development and integration into the world market by creating a new theory on Subcapitalism.
In celebration of my Triumph over this gratuitous adversity and over the disdain almost tinged with racism and the Academic Smallness of this master of ideological disaster and Pseudo-Right in Grenoble, and what time much later confirmed my choices and my analyzes on national economic development, I offer you this article on China and the display of its forces based on the exploitation of its own resources for a real and authentic need for national development and international affirmation at all levels.
For the first killer of true thinkers from another culture, here is his story which is mine which I present to you in this link of my destiny at Sciences Po Grenoble :
A Rejected knowing little about Morocco, landed at Sciences Po Grenoble , rejected from the Fac Sciences Eco since de Bernis preferred Christian Palloix to him.
Jean Rosio could not find better than to join forces with a silent woman who sailed with the wind: Danielle Demoustier.
It was during the period when all North Africans were not welcome at Sciences Po Grenoble, especially those who stood up to these false – elusive left-wing thinkers while their portfolios leaned towards the far right. These two Zombies / Lecturers had the jitters on their heels from where they drew the full of their purses, afraid that their distorted ideas would be taken and shown to them that they are usurping their places given the lack of innovation. of their knowledge and given that they were stingy in grades and that no Maghrebian/s Revolutionary/s came out with superior grades and high mentions from this institution of Sciences Po Grenoble , they were the phantom guardians of privileges of the right absent but acting through them and them.
I now understand why most foreigners at that time and Moghrebi / Maghrebins – Students originally from North African countries such as Morocco, Algeria and Tunisa who continued their studies at the Faculty of Eco Sciences, next door where the True French Left lives.
For them, it was necessary to get drunk with them to please these lost Soul Teachers, an active minority of right-wing extremists and “thinkers of ideological shambles” taking themselves for militants on the barricades, rivaling L ‘ INSTITUT D’ETUDES POLITIQUES DE PARIS – SCIENCES PO as they did not have the necessary juice, they used “leftist” subterfuges to promote themselves as the continuators of May 68 and the student and working class protests
As I did not consume alcohol, I was always on the left side as a Muslim of their game and their scheme and I was not the only one in this case
In France, while I was still a student at Sciences Po in Grenoble, I formulated a project on the Development of China and I presented it as the model to be imitated and followed by all these former African colonies which were during the 1970s, shaken by the brutality and sudden oscillations of the international market and the weight of foreign debt. In the United States in the mid-1990s, for Chinese dignitaries, executives and officials, I organized their trade and business visits to the San Francisco Bay Area and provided them with consulting services and training in international business development.
Meanwhile, twenty years ago, a British organization and publisher in London asked me to conduct research on telecommunications and technological development in China.
In this research work, I have highlighted the direct and ambivalent relationship of the pivotal role of the Chinese state in the direct development of technology in China.
My research like all the others I had conducted was directed through a projection and a prediction of the effects and manifestations that could be generated later and in the future of the countries or sectors which were the subjects concerned by my research.
During this period, I was working as the Director of International Affairs at Sprint Corp. and as co-chairman of the international committee of the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce where I had the opportunity to facilitate the visit of the vice-mayor of Beijing and a delegation of Chinese executives coming from Yunnan.
At the same time, I was teaching a curriculum and courses on telecommunications, digital security and national technological development at the School of Technology at Golden Gate University in San Francisco.. All these implications and interests on China and seeing that as a senior consultant with the Center for International Trade Development in Oakland and Berkeley, I was invited by the Chinese government and the Guizhou provincial government who granted me the best of the best treatment I have ever received from any entity in this world. In fact, I am still “re-developing” the same research topic on China’s technological development and intend to publish all of my work in book form. In the meantime, I offer you a glimpse of my interests in Chinese technological advances in the form of the first pages of my work published in London.
Celebrating the 70th anniversary of Japan’s capitulation in WWII, China has showcased hundreds of its newest military hardware in a remarkable parade which saw some 12,000 troops marching across Tiananmen Square in front of dozens of world leaders.
Some 30 foreign leaders attended the memorial event, representing countries from Russia and Belarus, to Egypt, South Korea and Venezuela. The UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon also attended the parade, while the majority of “high-profile” Western leaders have passed on the event.
Over 200 Chinese aircraft, including fighter jets, bombers and dozens of helicopters, zoomed above the fascinated crowd. China has rolled out seven types of missiles on to Tiananmen Square, including four ballistic nuclear missiles.
Among them was the Dong Feng-21D anti-aircraft-carrier medium-range nuclear missile (‘Carrier-Killer’), which currently is the world’s only ballistic missile capable of engaging a moving target out at sea.
Beijing also demonstrated the Dong Feng-26 nuclear missile, a medium-range ballistic projectile prohibited in Russia and the US because of a bilateral agreement. This intermediate range ballistic missile (IRBM) was dubbed the “Guam killer” because it can reach the US Pacific Ocean base.
The PLA also presented its newest intercontinental strategic ballistic missiles, the DF-5 with a range of 12,000 kilometers and the DF-31A – range 8,000 kilometers.
During an almost two-hour-long People’s Liberation Army (PLA) parade, several hundred military vehicles of around 40 different types rolled across the square.
The whole event was accompanied by an army orchestra and a 2,400-strong massed choir that sang some 30 songs.
Chinese troops were not marching alone on the commemorative date: They were joined by their fellow soldiers from Belarus, Cuba, Egypt, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mexico, Mongolia, Pakistan, Serbia, Tajikistan and Russia.
Additionally, for the first time in the history of Chinese parades, female soldiers marched on Tiananmen Square.
Addressing the nation and guests prior to the show, President Xi Jinping reaffirmed China’s commitment to the path of peace.
“Prejudice and discrimination, hatred and war can only cause disaster and pain,” Xi said, announcing plans to reduce the number of the country’s troops by 300,000, some 13 percent of the current 2.3-million strong PLA, as part of the country’s long -term military reform.
“China will always uphold the path of peaceful development,” Xi said.
Russian President Vladimir Putin, who took part in the celebratory events in Beijing on Thursday, said that the lessons of World War II should be remembered to minimize military conflicts around the world.
During a meeting with Xi, he agreed with his counterpart that Russia and China are “ united by a strategic relationship and, as we say, a comprehensive partnership,” adding “what is also important is the way we perceive historical problems.”
Russia and China should not forget “ the cruel actions of invaders on the temporarily occupied territories, which resulted in innumerable victims.”
“ But we must remember this to make sure that nothing like this happens again in the future. I listened carefully to your speech at the parade, I believe that was the main message of your speech addressed to the people of China and the peoples of the entire world, namely: everything must be done to prevent large-scale military conflicts in the future and to minimize military conflicts in general, ” Putin said.
At the meeting, Putin confirmed that large bilateral projects will be implemented despite “ economic turbulence in Russia and China.”
“ During bilateral meetings today, we exchanged opinions, and we have full confidence that we will move forward consistently, develop our relations, implement our plans, including large projects which will definitely have a positive effect on the development of the Russian and Chinese economies, and the global economy as a whole, ” he said.
The Following Narrative is the First Version and Publication I wrote on this Scandalous and Discriminatory as well as Segregationist Treatment I Received from the People that were supposed to teach me the best of knowledge and how to treat people right and that was not the case. They even suggested to me and told me that I should just drop from the University and Go to Work in the Private Sector, of course to be the Next Immigrant Worker which that is what happen to many of my contemporary Maghrebins who came to France to Learn and ended up becoming bleu color exploited worker that have no where to go than just to accept the new social condition imposed on them by the Power of these Teachers and Masters of Disasters and the Guardians of the French Elites Privileges .
In France, while I was still a student at Sciences Po in Grenoble and participating in a required Seminar on Economic Development, I formulated a project on the Development of China and I presented it as the model to be imitated and followed by all these former African colonies which were during the 1970s, shaken by the brutality and sudden oscillations of the international market and the weight of foreign debt.
In the United States in the mid-1990s, for Chinese dignitaries, executives and officials, I organized their commercial and business visits to the San Francisco Bay Area and provided them with consulting services and training in international business development.
Meanwhile, twenty years ago, a British organization and publisher in London asked me to conduct research on telecommunications and technological development in China.
In this research work, I have highlighted the direct and ambivalent relationship of the pivotal role of the Chinese state in the direct development of technology in China.
My research like all the others I had conducted was directed through a projection and a prediction of the effects and manifestations that could be generated later and in the future of the countries or sectors which were the subjects concerned by my research.
During this period, I was working as Director of International Affairs at Sprint Corp. and as co-chairman of the international committee of the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce where I had the opportunity to facilitate the visit of the vice-mayor of Beijing and a delegation of Chinese executives coming from Yunnan. At the same time, I taught a curriculum and courses on telecommunications, digital security and national technological development at the School of Technology at Golden Gate University in San Francisco. All these implications and interests on China and seeing that as a senior consultant with the Center for International Trade Development in Oakland and Berkeley, I was invited by the Chinese government and the Guizhou provincial government who granted me the best of the best treatment I have ever received from any entity in this world. In fact, I am still redeveloping the same research topic on China’s technological development and intend to publish all of my work in book form. In the meantime, I offer you a glimpse of my interests in Chinese technological advances in the form of the first pages of my work published in London.
Do not hesitate to contact me if you have an interest in the corresponding subjects.
Islamophobia at SciencesPo Grenoble, France and this is Recently
The Seeds of Madness and the Roots of Selfishness and Arogance are still there
Two Lecturers from the Far Right: A Revengeful Advocate and a Disguised as Leftist but Jealous of the Knowledge of the Other North African
My Generation of Students in France was a Generation that knew the Europeans and the French of Morocco very closely, we lived together in Morocco, shared the same emotions, and we rubbed against the same winds and the same tides and waves of the Atlantic than those of common existence. We were neighbors in everything, in the neighborhood, in schools, high schools and parties and dance balls. We practiced the same sports, Tennis, Fencing, Handball, Volleyball, Basketball and even the everyday sports of System D.
Our teachers and our schoolmasters were our models of success, they were our daily mentors and we were full of gratitude and good feelings towards them in the same way as those we nourished towards our compatriots the Judaic Amazighs.
I had the opportunity to grow up and be taught by a class of Europeans born in Morocco in Doukkala who practiced the same popular language with the accent of our Doukkala and could not be differentiated from my uncles from the countryside or of the city of Mazagan – Mriziga – El Jadida and that by Victor Puglisi, Antoine “Nounou” Oulad Baggio, Maurice Ratel, Alain [Allal] Goirin, Carpozen, Dr. Paoletti, Laporte, Perrault, Marco, Ardouin, Petersen, Vidal, Rizzo, Jacquetty, Adigard des Gautries, Gonzalez, Lepine, Tachx, Gicquel, Clegnac, Perez, Salinas, Gimenez, Martinez, Borgia, Laplante, Tibaudet, Marais, Philippe, Riviere, Dr. Ingarao, Dr. Verdier, Manetti, and more
Defending Africa or Defending an Industrial Development Model in Morocco by taking the example of Great Britain, is to have on our backs the revengeful and the slaughterers Conference / Arena Masters where we were Gladiators fighting for our intellectual survival and our academic rescue. These bludgeons of novelty and the projection of ideas in the space of reflection and prospection did not want to admit the limit of their own existences as a claimant to the possession of knowledge and could not have the human courage and individual honesty to and to recognize their dark ignorances .
This drowning in the absolute of ignorance was conveyed by their search for having the upper hand in order to possess this mental comfort of having North African Students still engulfed in the notion of “Béni Oui Oui” and followers of the model of metropolitan neo-colonial modernization that feeds their bellies and fills their wallets and does not accept any alternatives or proposals other than those on which they build their pseudo-knowledge and the basis of their knowledge on the repression of new ideas that are binding and competing their decline by novelty and creativity that time and fate could only confirm.
Inside the building of the Institut d’Etudes Politiques SciencesPo de Grenoble – France, walking along the corridor starting from the entrance facing the Diderot university restaurant of the CROUS and at the back on the right just before the rear exit which leads to the parking lot and the University Library, on the right were the rooms for the practical work and in one of these rooms the outrage happened to make me repeat the year just for having dared to present and defend the conclusion of my research which is to say that it is China that is and would be the example of economic development that African countries and the rest of the Third World countries should embrace and adopt for their own economic take-off and adapt Chinese strategies aimed at reduction of poverty and the stimulation of social progress and this through an orientation of constructive and developmental socialism and it was by no means the first or the last time that I suffered the wrath of the “backward, fascist and racist” teachers who wore paces of progressives and leftist thinkers just to occupy lucrative positions and not out of ideological or humanist conviction.
It was necessary to overcome these obstacles to reach the higher level of the DEA to finally find and rub shoulders with the true masters of thought and application of socio-human principles such as my research directors and appointed Professors who facilitated the intellectual development, the success of their disciples and their students: Ian Dessau, Yves Barel, Debernis, Freyssinet and others whose ethical spirit and integrity worthy of all and eternal recognition and praise I salute.
★ Said El Mansour Cherkaoui ★ Local, Regional and Global Competences★ – ★ CHR🌐NIQUE 🌎 CHERKA🌐UI ★
Dr. Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Developed Strategies and Directed Training on Market and Technology to Strengthen ….
Tom Bates Former Senator at the California Senate and Mayor of the City of Berkeley, Said El Mansour Cherkaoui and Executive Officer at the Port of Oakland.
Dr. Said El Mansour Cherkaoui invited by the Government of China to give seminars on the International Development of Chinese Companies _
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui, Ph.D. ★ 78 articles
The Academic Prize I Paid for Defending China’s Development as a Model for African Economies
Texte en Français with Translation in English En France, alors que j’était … Continue reading
I defended the Chinese Model of Development in 1977 against a Representative and a tough RPR (Rally for the Republic – Chiraquian obedience at the time) and maybe even a camouflaged extreme right who was a lecturer – I should say a little blackmailer of disasters – at the Institute of Political Studies of the University of Grenoble.
This pseudo-instructor tried to blackmail me so that I change my mind, ideological orientation and political direction and to say in front of all the Students that the West and the French Metropolis have all the solutions for the development of nations formerly colonized. Since I was looking for and advocating another model of development that I had identified in China, he wanted me to declare that China was not the example to follow for economic development for Third World countries.
For him, it was the European countries that were the providers of revenue and means for the development of African countries. My choice became for him a personal matter since other African Students were also part of the Seminar in which I anticipated the results of my research project.
My presentation was in fact centered on the logic of forced underdevelopment on our economies and how to break the shackles of Neo-Colonialism and the subjection of our national decisions and strategies to the good wishes and vagaries of the international situation and the supporters of the international financial, commercial market and even martial.
I refused and I lost a year but not my vision of the world which turned out to be right over time.
This “poor guy”, he did not appreciate my research work and my presentation in front of all the other Students of the Economics and Finance section at the Institute of Political Studies of Grenoble. It was the last year for obtaining the Diploma of the Institute. He completely sacked me, but the Good Lord repaid him for his abuse.
China also became a new state on grounds that were actually documented by Deng Xiaoping (August 22, 1904 – February 19, 1997) whose photo is the one introducing this outline.
I had effectively demonstrated that the Modernization put in place by this seasoned politician, Deng Xiaoping, was bringing about change. I maintained that the corresponding changes were therefore going to upset the chessboard and the game of the internationalization of capital and the consequent international division of labour. The modification of these two vectors of foreign investment in third countries will no longer be made according to their own operating and exploitation conditions, but that China, taking the examples of Taiwan, the Philippines, Malaysia and Singapore, was going to find a way other than that followed by those countries that had been dubbed the “New Industrial Countries and the Dragons of Asia.”
China was seeking to distance itself from such a product assembly model and to integrate into its industrial fabric its own innovative technology with high added value per product and per operation in each industrial unit. This approach had subsequently effectively promoted China’s technological momentum while allowing it to find a place among the economic powers of Asia and the world.
Despite this moron and the obstacle he tried to put me as sticks in my path of reflection and reference for national development, I continued my journey until I was invited by the Government of China to train their Business Leaders here in Oakland, California and in China itself and where his photos were taken. Likewise, in the meantime, I had even defended a doctoral thesis at the Sorbonne University on the same subject of economic development and integration into the world market by creating a new theory on Subcapitalism.
In celebration of my Triumph over this gratuitous adversity and over the almost racist disdain and Academic Smallness of this master of ideological disaster and Pseudo-Right in Grenoble, and what time much later confirmed my choices and my analyzes on national economic development, I offer you this article on China and the display of its forces based on the exploitation of its own resources for a real and authentic need for national development and international affirmation at all levels.
Two Lecturers from the Far Right: A Revengeful Advocate and a Disguised as Leftist but Jealous of the Knowledge of the Other North African
For the first killer of true thinkers from another culture, here is his story which is mine that I present to you in this link of my destiny at Sciences Po Grenoble: https://lnkd.in/gMusUuun
Prize for the Defense of the Chinese Development Model at SciencesPo in Grenoble March 5, 2023 Said El Mansour Cherkaoui
The second Camouflaged as Left but also A second from the Far Right:
Diploma of Sciences Po Grenoble Second Cycle Eco-Fi Section
Diploma Thesis: State Intervention in Industry: The Case Study of the Textile Industry in Morocco.
As a Supervisor: a Rejected who did not know Morocco and who landed at SciencesPo since Gérard Destanne de Bernis had rejected him from the Fac Sciences Eco since Destanne preferred a more gifted person in the person of Christian Palloix.
This rejected named Jean Rosio could not find better than to ally himself with a silent one who went with the wind: Danielle Demoustier.
Jean Rosio who has been ejected from the entourage of the Professor Destanne and the rumor is that Jean Rosio was not the level that he pretended to be and that his work and research were not really his own work. Christian Palloix took his place on the side of Gerard De Bernis.
Jean Rosio could not accuse any other French students to appease his self-incriminated wounds and despair so he looks for foreign students to impose his will and me I ended up to one of them. These elements we did not know anything precise about them and we choose Jean Rosio as the mentor and his seminary as the final one where to prepare a Memoire for the obtention of the Diploma of the Second Cycle, the finale one to complete that is prerequisite for the graduation.
For my Memoire de Diplome, I choose the topic of the Industrialization process and the intervention of the Central Moroccan State given the heavy investment needed in the process of the Take-off and in the needed infrastructure and the financing of diverse demands and consumption as well as the distribution of plus-value and added value among the peripheric sectors of the heavy industry. This core heavy industry is needed for the manufacturing and the production of the needed machines by the textile producers and companies.
I spend more than 3 months just in Morocco completing the research I did in England [University of London and Kingston Polytechnic College] and France in Paris and Grenoble academic and national libraries and ministere of industry. In Morocco, I went to the governmental agencies and ministries that were involved in the “Marocanisation of the Industry” and the implementation of the Plan of the First nationalist government and the recommendations of the World Bank and the IMF with their package of conditionnalities, advises and model of import-substitution that were just a copy of what Brazil did during the Plano de Metas with the guidance of Dr. Celso Furtado.
My Moroccan research on the field was driven by my objective collecting documents and archives as well as primary resources from all the concerned administrations and ministries as well as governmental agencies.
Through all this process, I maintained contact with Jean Rosio through phone calls and I also give him the chance to talk to my older Sister on the phone.
My Sister had a typewriter machine and my brother in law brought a Stencil Machine as printer. So we transform one the large room in our Paternal House in Printing Shop and Research Laboratory on how to develop an industrialization process through the enhancement of textile industry with the intervention of the Moroccan State.
Given that I have all the time interacted only with Jean Rosio while Danielle Demoustier was always absent , I wrote on the cover of the Memoire that my work was directed by Jean Rosio and Danielle Demoustier.
During my presentation of my memoire, I explained the aforementioned process how I went to England given the primauty of this country in the process of industrialization based on the increase of the textile production and sectors that provide the impetus to the economic growth, accumulation of capital and more importantly increase the need not just for the primary resources and the expansion of the market and demand but also the use of more performing machines which ignated the needs to invest upstream in the steel and iron production to produce more machines in faster time and more efficient ones. Also Paul Bairoch was the principal author I had to critized to sustain my demonstration given that despite his tremendous impact on the economic development conceptualization, he had not identify the importance of the production of machinery as the most important link and the incontournable supply of the pivotal bridge toward industrialization as I did in my own research work and memoir.
Jean Rosio and Danielle Demoustier did not read my work and never identify this key element in my process of demonstration and all they were interested is to blame me first for lacking respect toward Danielle Demoustier given that I have put and listed on the front page of my memoire, the name of Jean Rosio.
For me, Danielle Demoustier was never involved in my work and even during my presentation she did not say one word, she does not know any of its content or the process I took to elaborate my own thoughts and my own finding and how I supported them with facts and quotations from various auteurs, school of thoughts and even from other Moroccan Student who have submited their work such as Jaidi who was the pionner in the analysis of the Textile Industry in Morocco and other Students who were preparing their doctorate on the Moroccan Economy such as Redouane Taouil who share with me some of his bibliographical names and authors.
The day of the soutenance, before even I start my presentation, Jean Rosio complained about why I put his name first and not Danielle Demoustier, using the excuse that her name and family names start with Ds.
My answer is that she has never been involved in my work and my research and him was like my Direct Director of Research while her she is just administratively involved in the seminary duties.
My answer was clear and to the point but both of them were angry why I had to do such order of citation. They said that I should have written Danielle Demoustier first and second Jean Rosio.
Later on, I understood why: she was and he was concerned more about her pay and position than the work I am conducting, especially that many students were not happy with their team-work. In fact, in the entire seminary, the French students do not follow or enroll in their seminary, we were mostly from Third countries which make it more relevant to Economic of Development.
The second blame bursting from Jean Rosio was that what is the most important in the process of the industrialization I have identified, analyzed and explained with demonstration in my work..
If they have really read my work they will have found all the answers in my explanation?
Or they were trying to see if I have really written what I am going to explain to them?
Me innocently, I explained again the process and all its conducive results and elements of development while for every aspects, steps and concepts I used in that direction.
So I show them the page where it was explained based on my critic of Paul Bairoch that the process of industrialization in a country of the level of development and just coming out of the French Protectorat who has no established the foundations of real and deeply rooted industrialiazation, the Newly Independent Moroccan economy and those of other African countries, the State has to invest in the production of the machine and the heavy industry, given that the growth of the demand and the resulting increase of the textile production as response will impose the supply of new and more performing machines. These machines needed large investments in the heavy industry that has to be localized within the National borders and not to be imported.
I was showing to Jean Rosio and Danielle Demoustier where to read the related description page by page while I quote the source I used and from where I got the references in terms of archives, primary sources, academic works, analystical studies, research and published papers and monographs from England, Grenoble, Paris and Morocco.
They were not happy that I explained such process. Without knowing completely the real extent of and the gravity of the problem that Jean Rosio have with other academics and research in our Grenoble University, I explained where I took the references such as the inputs and insights developed by Christian Palloix, Pierre Judee, Jan Dessau and that were Researchers and heading works and studies on the industrialization and the development in the Third World with the Research Team: “équipe industrialisation et développement.” Later on, I learned that was where the “bat blesse” given the rejection from this group of researchers I quoted as the most competent work conducted in the field of the Third World Development and Industrialization which has hurt the feeling of Jean Rosio the paria of the same group. Jean Rosio and Danielle Demoustier did not know that I came to Grenoble University with a profound sense of awarness of the reputation of the Economic Research conducted within its walls and the priveleged relation that Grenoble Researchers and Faculties had with the militants of independance in Tunisia and Algeria and the succeding responsables for the planning of their development following their independance from France.
Similarly, Jean Rosio and Danielle Demoustier did not know also that my choice to come from Germany to join Grenoble University, was based on the reputation of researchers and professors at Grenoble such as Gérard Destanne de Bernis the founder in 1965of the Institut d’Etudes Sociales, the pioneer research hub that will be transformed in the IREP. De Bernis was the “Tete Pensante” and the Pioneer in France for the fields on the study and the analysis of underdevelopment in the aftermath of African independence, from the early 60’s.
Beyond its insertion at the local level, the IES will occupy a place of pioneer and leader at the national and international level, as a center of reference and expertise for the analysis of underdevelopment in the aftermath of African independence, from the early 60’s.
Jean Rosio and Danielle Demoustier were astonished that a Moroccan Student can reach such linkage of knowledge and conscience about its exitence while I am just trying to graduate from the Sciences Po and now Jean Rosio bombarded me with the accusation that this work was copied from higher level of work while he landed it softly by adding that he is aware that I mention in my presentation that I used different sources including unpublished work by Moroccan Students preparing their thesis here at the University of Grenoble.
Jean Rosio never pointed directly where and how my work has such copies despite, that I sent it to him by Post office from Morocco before I traveled back to Grenoble, to give him time to read its entirety. He had plenty of time to take a look and underline what he considered as copied from other works.
I have never found during all my academic work a study or any kind of published material that is analytical and based on critical approach of precedent works and analysis without references and quotes from past concepts, presentations or affirmations.
How any kind of work can be critical of past words and leading toward new explanation and interpretation of existing work can be innovative or considered as innovative if it does not refer and demonstrate its new approach by taking as basis works done previously by precedent theorists or thinkers.
Schools of thought have been build on such approach and process of elaboration and all I was doing is pursuing the same path and seeking the same results which to shine new lights on what was considered up to my own research and work as the definition of the process of industrialization and industrial development that was based on example of western economies and colonial metropolitan units of production and expansion.
My work was focusing on a Third World country, underdeveloped structure of production or developing economy such it was defined by the tenants of the development school and I chose Morocco given my origin and also given the recent application of the Moroccan State of measures and reforms as an industrial policy.
So I had plenty of inputs and insights to collect and analyze to establish the foundations of my critical approach of the European promoter of industrialization based on the centrality of the first process of industrialization and the take-off of merchant and capitalist systems in the United Kingdom and other part of Western Europe.
Now when I think about what happen to me with Jean Rosio at the Sciences Po of Grenoble was bigger than just my thesis of Memoire for the acquisition of the Second Degree Diploma, it was first a work that had created animosity among those who come to me to propose their ideas, their approaches and their advises. Among them, it was a Moroccan Student who was preparing his Doctoral thesis in Economics with the Subject of Morocco. He will recognize himself if he will have the chance to read the content of this present narrative.
This student presented himself as a hardcore militant from the Left studying to be a leader in the Student Movement organized within the institution of the Union Nationale de Etudiants Marocains de France a Grenoble. So this individual pretends to be an opposant and critical to the Moroccan Economic Policy and to the reforms taking place at that time when Morocco was faced with what we called the “Years of Lead” – aka, the unfortunate period of the “bullets not the ballots” when repression was at it highest level as mean to resolve political issues that was promoted by an Elite of rulers based on compromise and alliance between the remnants of the Colonial Military Apparatus, the descendants and administrators defenders of the ancient collaborators and their representatives at the French Protectorate with the support of the new Techno-bureaucrats favored by the international organizations that vehicle new forms of dependency and conditioning of the Moroccan economy in accordance to the new terms of conditions of the leaders of the international financial and commercial market.
My relation with this individual started when he came to live in the same dormitory when I resided in the Campus of
, University of Grenoble. He was not my real friend but just an acquaintance given the fact that he was more in drinking wine and smoking other stuffs while me, I was more in sports activities and cultural events we organized in the campus.
The only link to have with him was my participation in the UNEM meeting and cultural activities given that I was a player and the coach of the Moroccan Football Team and we participate in tournaments and games with other universities representing the Academy of Grenoble and the games for the Third World Football Cup and the Academic African Football Cup we organized and celebrated.
This guy has never practiced any sport beside the sport of manipulation. So he was good at becoming the drinking buddy of many professors and assistant-professors within the University of Grenoble that was at the time dominated by a leftist movements and characters. He played well the role of the Rebel even in terms of his own look, with attitudes of neglect and coolness and always having in his hands the French Left Newspapers and books published by Francais Maspero and those written by left writers. He also attended many activities where beers and wines as well as sausages and choucroute were served plenty. Events of workers and intellectuals who were mainly Europeans. So he found a nice where to build a network and establish himself as non-compromising individual with the status-quo in France and Morocco, a sort of new wave that live with the legacy of the student movement of Mai 1968.
The other aspect is that he had not been a student as we are in France starting the university from the first year of the academic studies. This guy was parachuted in Grenoble after receiving what we called the Licence in Morocco. So when he came to Grenoble, he enrolled directly in the Doctoral program, so we do not know anything about his past in Morocco and who facilitated his fast integration in the educational system of Grenoble University.
They were only a handful students who came directly from Morocco to continue their studies in Grenoble at the Graduate level. This happened during a tense moment in our Student Movements and Political environment that characterized Morocco during that time.
The question of the integration of Sahara to the Motherland was at its height of tension and many student organizations were penetrated by agents of the security agencies from France, Morocco and other countries.
The academia in France and specially in Grenoble acted as the vanguard scene where are reflected the geo-political interests and their ideological and social distortions that were amplified by the deluge of new immigrants from North and Sub-Saharan Africa as well as refugees from Chile and other Latin American countries subjects to bureaucratic-military regimes.
Grenoble as a Bourgeois and Middle Class urban city and bridge to the “farniente – good hobbies’ of the Alps and the Sunny South of the Rivera and Italy was then sitting on two chairs. In fact, this is the new posture of France and especially the urban cities that needed new injection of working class that they were no more able to produce locally giving the end of the rural exode, the bureaucratisation of the new emerging local classes and their use in the services and other positions offered by the multinationalisation of the economy first by the U.S. companies and second by other investors from the Petro-dollars background and by the new industrialization French policy favoring an industrial redeployment to Southeast Asian economies considered as the New Industrial Countries and the new hub for the manufactured products.
that were or have sympathism toward the blocs and social organizations defending the interests of the Soviet Union, the non-aligned and third world countries, Latin American countries under dictatorial regimes, the repercussions of the Vietnam War, the Palestinian movement of liberation, the African civil wars and clashes between the leaders installed by former colonial powers and the local tribal resistancs and other European cells of extremist-leftist groupuscules and far-left militant group such Action Directe, Red Brigades and Red Army Faction of Meinhoff. The “Cold War” residual were hot spot of reaction and expression of political views anti-right, anti-neo colonial and anti-liberal.
So within such turbulent period of time and clashing environment of ideas and conflicts, it was easy for him to build a new portrait and new thought identity in Grenoble by leaning to the left which many have done the same and once they get their diploma, they get hired in the best positions in France and Morocco alike.
It was during the period when all Maghrebins were not welcome at SciencesPo Grenoble – France, especially those who stood up to these evasive left-wing thinkers while their portfolios leaned towards the far right. They were afraid that their deformed ideas or their usurped places would be taken and therefore were so stingy in grades that no Revolutionary North African came out with superior grades and high mentions.
You had to get drunk to please them like I don’t know
But no alcohol, I was always on the left button of their games and their schemes and I was not the only one in this case.
These kinds of Moroccan students who entered and established a new forms of relationship with the academic staff and faculty, enter the French academia by the backdoor with a new background based on militancy which had attracted the sympathy and affection of many French academicians.
In comparison to ourselves, we have been in France since the first year of study and we went through all the hurdles and mistreatment as well as the discrimination and segregation at the level of the society and the academy. We have to fight hard even to have a room in the dormitory while many of these guys who were parachuted with the help of hidden forces and hands they came with grants from the Moroccan and the French Governments and created a network of relationship that no one of us could have. We are basically marginalized at every level of socio-economic relationship.
Many of my generation that were students in Grenoble with me had to leave Grenoble or are still in Grenoble without any position or level of social integration that is adequate to their level of hopes and aspirations when they started their studies at the first year at the University of Grenoble.
So this guy who approached me and proposed his insights and bibliographical notes was recently described by a Friend of mine who is actually still leaving precariously in Echirolles, the working class suburb of Grenoble and this is his own words and response to my question about our “Militant Guy” who is now a Professor at the Academy of Grenoble, and my friend said this about him:
“Wa you know that our “Militant Guy” he is always leaning with the side of the winners within the system not us who are the real militants who suffered from rejection by Morocco and France alike”
I did not want to respond to my Friend that this Guy is the one who had trapped me with Jean Rosio and has torpedo my work and research on the Intervention of the State in the Economy: Study-Case of the Moroccan Textile Industry.”
MY CONCEPTUAL LOVE STORY WITH CHINA TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT SINCE 1977
In France, while still student at the Sciences Po of Grenoble, I have formulated a project on the Development of China and presented it as the model to be emulated and followed by all these former African colonies that were during the seventies, shaken by the brutal and sudden oscillations of the international market and the burden of the external debt. In the United States, during the mid-nineties, I have organized trade and business visits of Chinese Dignitaries, Executives and Officials in the Bay Area of San Francisco and provided them with advisory services and training on international business development. So, twenty Years ago, I was requested by a British Organization and Publishing House from London to conduct research on China Telecommunications and Technology Development.
In this research work, I highlighted the direct and ambivalent relationship and the pivotal role of the Chinese state in the direct development of technology in China.
My research like all the others that I had conducted was directed through a projection and a prediction of the effects and manifestations which could be generated subsequently and in the future of the countries or sectors that are the subjects by my research. During the same time, I was working as International Business Manager at Sprint Corp and serving as the Co-Chair of the International Committee at the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce where I had the opportunity to facilitate the visit of the Vice-Mayor of Beijing and a delegation of Chinese Executives.
Parallelly, I was teaching a set of Program Studies and Courses on Telecoms, Digital Security and National Technological Development at the School of Technology at Golden Gate University of San Francisco. All this involvement and interests in China and as Senior Consultant with the Center for International Trade Development at Oakland and Berkeley, I was invited by the Chinese Government and the Provincial Government of Guizhou who bestowed me with the best of the best treatment I have ever received from any entity around this world. In fact, I am still redeveloping the same topic of research on China Technological Development and I am planning to publish my entire work in form of a book.
Meanwhile, I offer you a glimpse on my interests on China Technological Advances in form of the first pages of my published work in London. Feel free to contact me if you have any interest in the related topics.
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui, Ph.D. – 8/6/2021
The Price I Paid for China Development
I presented and defended the Chinese Development Model in 1977 in front of a hard Representative RPR (French Political Party), in fact this individual was more a hidden and undeclared Extreme right who was a Adjunct Lecturer (Maître de Conferences) – I should say a little blackmailer and master of disasters – at the Institut d’Etudes Politiques, University of Grenoble. He tried to blackmail me and to impose to my thoughts his will and ideological trends. He wanted me to change my mind and say to all the students that China is not the way to be as a Model of National Development Policy for Third World Countries in search of way-out of underdevelopment.,
I refused and I lost one year but not my vision of the world that just proved to be the way how things evolved since then and with time.
This poor guy, he did not enjoy my research and my presentation I made at this Institute for the Department of the Economic and Finance at the Institut d’Etudes Politiques at the University of Grenoble. It was the last year for obtaining the Diploma. He completely sacked me but God has gave the right response and punishment for his abuse toward me.
China has also become a new state on the basis of its own abilities and the inputs and directives of Deng Xiaoping (August 22, 1904 – February 19 1997) who was the centerpiece of my presentation.
Despite this moron and the obstacle that he tried to put in my way of thinking on national development, I continued my journey by getting a Doctorate from the Sorbonne University, Paris on the same theme while creating a new concept of Subcapitalism as the result of the insertion in the international market and later on, I was the guest of the Government of China to train their Companies here in to Oakland, California and in China (see enclosed pictures).
In celebration of my Triomphe on Racism and Academic Petitesse of Pseudo-Right in Grenoble, and what the much later time has confirmed my choices and my analyzes on economic development, I offer to all my Friends here this article on China which is displaying its forces based on the use of its own resources in response to a real and genuine need for a national development and international affirmation at all levels.
新年快乐 – Xīnnián Kuàilè Invited by the Chinese Government to facilitate the international expansion of Chinese companies and to provide training to the leaders of Chinese companies on the requirements of business internationalization and the development of logistics sof market-entry including distribution in Western Europe and United States of America. This invitation followed the organization … Continue readingSaid El Mansour Cherkaoui and China
At the meeting, Putin confirmed that large bilateral projects will be implemented despite “economic turbulence in Russia and China.”
“During bilateral meetings today, we exchanged opinions, and we have full confidence that we will move forward consistently, develop our relations, implement our plans, including large projects which will definitely have a positive effect on the development of the Russian and Chinese economies, and the global economy as a whole,” he said.
World’s emerging markets no longer need to depend on U.S. demand to drive economic growth and economic decoupling is the Exit Strategy which can rally many African countries that are disappointed by the behavior of many European chancelleries and western investors and conglomerates interested first in the extract and export of raw natural and primary resources not in the development of African societies and populations.
Kenya Not a favorite “Cup of Tea” for Mining Multinationals
US Ambassador to Kenya Meg Whitman shares her perspective as a former CEO on why it makes business sense for the US to invest in Kenya.
American Chamber of Commerce Summit — March 29, 2023
Why Africa, Why Kenya?
When I was a CEO – I’ll be honest – I probably thought of Africa about 1% of the time. Many of the businesses I managed were heavily involved elsewhere. But if I were back in the boardroom, Africa would be on my radar for two simple reasons: supply chain diversification and net-zero emissions.
So, if you have not thought of investing or growing your business in sub-Saharan Africa, ponder these words from a CEO of a major consumer tech company I recently spoke with. He said, “supply chain diversification is now an essential element of our business and so is the need to be totally green. In that sense Kenya seems to offer us a one-two punch to success.”
Some of you may know that I love data and I often say to my team “let’s muck around in the numbers.” At the Embassy, we’ve been doing a LOT of mucking around in trade and investment data. What I’ve learned over the past eight months has been surprising and paints a much more dynamic business outlook for Africa than most Americans realize. Now those of you who are already invested here in Kenya probably know these data points. Here are some I found particularly interesting.
By 2050, one in four humans, a quarter of the world’s population, and one in three working-age people, will live in Africa.
Africa is a young continent – the youngest in the world with 60% of the population under the age of 25.
Africa is the last, and largest, emerging market and offers the last big supply chain and consumer prospects, with opportunities like the ones Southeast Asia presented 20 years ago.
You now know Why Africa should be on your radar. But let’s zoom in on Why Kenya should be your target destination.
Here are some reasons:
– Kenya is the most stable democracy in East Africa,
– Kenya is the gateway to the East African market of almost 500 million consumers,
– Kenya is the regional logistics hub,
– Kenya is the leading regional finance hub,
– Kenya is the leading destination for foreign direct investment and venture capital,
– Kenya has the Silicon Savannah, with super smart engineers, and an excellent workforce,
– Kenya generates over 90% of its energy from renewable sources, and,
– Kenya’s largest export market is the United States.
Kenya’s population is 56 million and Kenya is the gateway to East African neighbors that totaled a combined population of about 500 million. Eighty percent of East African regional trade passes through Kenya’s Mombasa Port. In addition, Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi is the busiest airport in East Africa, served by 40 passenger airlines and 25 cargo carriers, including FedEx and DHL. Kenya has some excellent infrastructure.
Less known, but also hugely impactful tech companies like Copia Global, Semiconductor Technologies Limited, Twiga Foods, Market Force, Power Financial Wellness, and many electric vehicle startups are here too. I’ve met these companies, visited their operations, and what I see happening here has many of the critical components that make Silicon Savannah a reality.
At the nexus of finance and technology sits one of the most impressive companies I have ever seen: MPesa. MPesa mobile money was developed by Kenyan innovators in 2007, and by 2010, MPesa had become the largest mobile money network in the world.
MPesa generates annual revenues of $1.3 billion, $360 billion flows through the platform yearly, and has an open API with 60,000 developers. It solved one of the biggest challenges in the mobile money market sector: mobile, secure, ubiquitous, low-cost payments. MPesa has over 50 million customers in 7 countries, is involved in over 70% of Kenyan transactions, powers over 5 Million businesses, and 59% of Kenya’s annual GDP flows through it. Let me tell you something: I know a little about this industry having bought and owned PayPal at eBay. I assure you MPesa is extraordinary. MPesa alone demonstrates the brilliant business minds at work here devising African solutions to Global problems.
Kenya leads in foreign direct investment and venture capital too. While venture capital flows decreased by 35 percent globally last year, total funding in Africa actually increased by 8 percent. And more impressively, while venture capital to Nigeria was down 36 percent and essentially flat in South Africa, funding to Kenya increased by 33 percent, one of the highest growth rates on the continent.
Adjusted for GDP, Kenya receives significantly more venture capital than anywhere else on the continent, generating roughly triple the venture capital to GDP ratios of Nigeria, Egypt, and South Africa. Unlike its continental competitors who attract predominantly fintech led investments, Kenya’s venture capital flows are more diverse, led by e- commerce and cleantech, followed by fintech, agritech, and enterprise investments.
And what’s even more unique for Kenya, in 2022, Kenyan female-founded startups raised $146 million in equity, again more than any other country on the continent.
Power to the People: Electricity in Kenya
More than 90% of Kenya’s on-grid electricity is currently generated from renewable sources, primarily geothermal, wind, and solar. A few weeks ago, I had the pleasure of visiting Kipeto Wind farm in Kajiado county. Kipeto, the second largest wind farm in Kenya, is proudly supported by the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation and PowerAfrica. It’s amazing that Kenya has committed to reaching 100% renewable energy by 2030 and is already close to achieving its goal.
Kenya Tongue: To Be or Not to Be Bright British Speaking Country
From a workforce perspective, Kenya is English-speaking, has high literacy rates, and a strong primary, secondary, and tertiary education system. In fact, 86% of the labor force has some post-secondary education, outpacing the regional average of 72% and the country boasts some excellent universities. Every firm I have talked with raves about the quality of the Kenyan workforce.
Kenya and the United States Marketplaces
In 2022, the United States became Kenya’s largest export market, edging ahead of neighboring Uganda. In total, Kenya exported about $890 million in goods to the United States last year.
In addition, the United States exported around $600 million in goods to Kenya. $1.5 billion in total U.S.-Kenya trade is fairly balanced and is expected to increase as the United States and Kenya negotiate a first-of-its-kind bilateral trade agreement between the United States and a sub-Saharan African country.
The Strategic Trade and Investment Partnership – commonly known as STIP – is definitely a STIP in the right direction. Sorry, I couldn’t resist. This agreement, once signed, will be a model for the rest of the continent.
What does this mean for you? Well, entering Kenya now provides first-mover advantages for your business because the labor, intellectual property rights, regulatory, and other standards set here will help shape the business environment in the rest of the region.
So now you know why I am so enthusiastic about the Kenyan investment climate but I will note, however, there is room for improvement. The Kenyan government has made great strides and is committed to creating a business-friendly environment. If it is to accomplish this goal the government will have to address the following items. And the first is taxes.
Kenya Reforms and Progress: Institutional Handicaps and Structural Challenges
Kenya must have a consistent, transparent, and fairly administered national tax policy to attract and retain foreign direct investment and accelerate economic development. As you all know, more work needs to be done to establish a durable tax framework. We have worked with the President’s team on this issue and expect some changes to be announced soon.
Without a doubt corruption is also a critical issue and one that must be addressed for Kenya to reach its full potential in all areas of development. Corruption leads to misuse of public resources, slows economic growth and job creation, and damages the investment climate. Corruption also undermines equal participation in the prosperity of this country and erodes public trust in institutions.
However, while corruption does remain a challenge in Kenya, as in other developing markets, third-party measures of corruption indicate positive trends and modest progress in recent years.
According to the U.S. Millennium Challenge Corporation’s country scorecards for 2023, Kenya’s score for “Control of Corruption” was 0.28 representing its third passing score in a row and highest score to date. To put this number in context, Kenya’s 0.28 was superior to India’s 0.18 and Vietnam’s 0.19.
Kenya House Sold to Foreign Indirect Investors
Kenya, like many developing countries, is burdened with high debt, limiting its ability to fund public services and infrastructure in line with its ambitions. According to the IMF, Kenya’s debt to GDP ratio is 69% but this number is not an outlier amongst regional averages. For comparison, Malaysia’s debt to GDP stood at 69% in 2021 while India’s ratio was 83% in 2022.
To Be or Not To Be a Manufacturer for the Global Supply Chain
This is an excellent opportunity to put to rest the argument that Kenya is not a manufacturing country. True, Kenya has room to grow in this sector, but manufacturing is happening here. Let me give you a few examples.
– Gearbox, a high-mix low-flow electronics manufacturer in Nairobi, runs a state-of-the-art surface-mount assembly line and in November 2022 began manufacturing Raspberry Pi’s Pico product for the African market. Gearbox’s production quality meets or exceeds that of Raspberry Pi’s other production sites in Wales and in Japan, producing a first pass yield of 99.6%.
– Semiconductor Technologies Limited (STL), a U.S.-owned semiconductor manufacturing and nanotechnology company domiciled in Kenya, is growing rapidly, and has hired more than 80 Kenyan engineers in the past two years.
– Kenya’s Revital Healthcare is one of the largest manufacturers of medical products in Africa, producing 48 devices and exporting to 28 countries.
– Isuzu’s East Africa assembly plant has been operating in Nairobi since 1977, selling more than 90,000 units with over 15 models.
– There is also a robust and growing electric vehicle manufacturing and assembly industry in Kenya.
– Kenya is the future for Africa’s two- and three- wheel e-mobility and e-buses.
– Lastly, when we talk about trade, we must talk about apparel and apparel manufacturing. Last year Kenya recorded its highest ever apparel exports to the United States, over $540 million, employing nearly 200,000 Kenyans, mostly young women.
– Leading U.S. apparel brands sourcing from Kenya include PVH, which includes Tommy Hilfiger and Calvin Klein; Kontoor, which includes Lee and Wrangler, and several more including Walmart and Levi’s.
– And what we hear is these brands want more Kenyan apparel manufacturing, both because of the high quality of labor and for Kenya’s leadership in renewable energy.
– Brands are steadily moving production operations to Kenya from Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and China because of what Kenya has to offer.
Foreign Leadership Companies and Shipping in Kenya
– Major U.S. companies have already made the jump to Africa with regional or continent-wide headquarters in Kenya, many previously mentioned.
– Major multinationals have regional offices in Kenya, including powerhouses like LG, Toyota, Volkswagen, Peugeot, Standard Chartered, and Old Mutual.
– The medical ecosystem in Kenya keeps expanding with Hologic, GE, Cigna, Pfizer, Abbott, and Varian Medical Systems already here.
– And there are more exciting developments happening every day. American sports associations like the NBA, the NFL, MLB, MLS, and entertainment icon, The Grammys, are all currently looking for a foothold in Kenya.
– The television and movie industries are discovering Kenya – just look at the fact that Kenya now has a Real Housewives of Nairobi!
Another issue I often hear about is cargo clearance. Despite improving logistics infrastructure, the delivered cost of a container shipment to Kenya does remain significantly higher than for container shipments landing in Europe or Asia. While there is room for improvement on the cost, clearance times at the Port of Mombasa have been reduced from over 11 days in 2010 to 3.5 days in 2022. This reduction occurred despite cargo consistently increasing over the past five years, from 27 million metric tons in 2016 to nearly 35 million metric tons in 2021.
Inquiry and Info: saidcherkaoui@triconsultingkyoto.com
Morocco’s Early Recognition of American Independence in 1778
Morocco Early Diplomatic Correspondance and Exchange of Recognition with the United States of America
Morocco the First Nation to Recognize the Independence of the United States of America
Morocco was the first country to recognize the United States’ independence on December 20, 1777, only a year and a half after the U.S. Declaration of Independence. Morocco recognized the United States’ independence for trade, protection, and common interest. The Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship began when Sultan Sidi Muhammad Ben Abdullah announced his desire for friendship with the United States in 1777 and Moroccan ports were open to American ships the same year. The Sultan was the most progressive of the Barbary leaders who ruled Morocco from 1757 to 1790.
Morocco was the first country to recognize the United States in 1777. Negotiations for a formal treaty began in 1783. In 1785, the U.S. Congress authorized negotiations for a treaty with Morocco. The Sultan made several overtures, and John Adams, John Jay, and Benjamin Franklin urged the U.S. to negotiate a treaty.
The Moroccan–American Treaty of Peace and Friendship, also known as the Treaty of Marrakesh, was signed in 1786. The treaty established diplomatic and commercial relations between the United States and Morocco. The treaty was signed in Europe by American diplomats John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. It was ratified by the Confederation Congress in July 1787. The treaty established that:
Commerce with the United States would be on the same footing as commerce with Spain.
Citizens of the United States would be respected and esteemed.
Citizens of the United States would have full liberty to pass and repass Morocco and its sea ports without interruption.
The treaty remains the longest unbroken relationship in U.S. history. Full diplomatic relations began in 1905.
Morocco is America’s oldest ally in the Arab world, dating back to 1790. Morocco has supported the United States more than any other Arab country. The majority of Moroccans are pro-American.
Personal Local Memory on the Commercial Relation between Mazagan and the U.S.A
Mazagan named actually El Jadida is the birthplace of the author of this article, Said El Mansour Cherkaoui, received one of the United States of America’s Official Trading Post and Consular Attache Commercial.
Among the Moroccans hired by the American official to serve as intermediairy with the local population of Mazagan, named Ouled Sdad was close friend of my father Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui and his son was adopted by my Father. Later on, Ouled Sdad Junior emigrated to America and became Police Officer in New York.
If we trace the date when Morocco contacted in Europe Franklin we will see that Morocco is the earliest recognition of American independence in 1778 to add a cheerful cherry which is the first Real Estate bought by the United States Government out of the US continental territory was a House in Tangier in that served as the US Legation in Morocco, this House is still owned by the US Government and was transformed in House of America – Dar America – Museum while the US Embassy is in Rabat and the General Consulate in Casablanca with “Play Again Sam” Tune in the Air and the Spirit.
Another fact of rapprochement, is that Roosevelt meet with the King while the French Protectorate was at its’s height of control on Morocco. During this meeting, Roosevelt promised that Morocco will be independant following the defeat of Hitler and Moroccan will be participating in this battle as they did in the First World War. My Grand Father was in the First World War and my Uncles were in the Second World War.
Treaty of Peace and Friendship between America and the Moors
Treaty of Peace and Friendship, with additional article; also Ship-Signals Agreement. The treaty was sealed at Morocco with the seal of the Emperor of Morocco June 23, 1786 (25 Shaban, A. H. 1200), and delivered to Thomas Barclay, American Agent, June 28, 1786 (1 Ramadan, A. H. 1200). Original in Arabic.The additional article was signed and sealed at Morocco on behalf of Morocco July 15, 1786 (18 Ramadan, A. H. 1200). Original in Arabic. The Ship-Signals Agreement was signed at Morocco July 6, 1786 (9 Ramadan, A. H. 1200). Original in English.
Certified English translations of the treaty and of the additional article were incorporated in a document signed and sealed by the Ministers Plenipotentiary of the United States, Thomas Jefferson at Paris January 1, 1787, and John Adams at London January 25, 1787.
Treaty and additional article ratified by the United States July 18, 1787. As to the ratification generally, see the notes. Treaty and additional article proclaimed July 18, 1787.
Ship-Signals Agreement not specifically included in the ratification and not proclaimed; but copies ordered by Congress July 23, 1787, to be sent to the Executives of the States (Secret Journals of Congress, IV, 869; but see the notes as to this reference).[Certified Translation of the Treaty and of the Additional Article, with Approval by Jefferson and Adams)
To all Persons to whom these Presents shall come or be made known- Whereas the United States of America in Congress assembled by their Commission bearing date the twelfth day of May One thousand Seven hundred and Eighty four thought proper to constitute John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson their Ministers Plenipotentiary, giving to them or a Majority of them full Powers to confer, treat & negotiate with the Ambassador, Minister or Commissioner of His Majesty the Emperor of Morocco concerning a Treaty of Amity and Commerce, to make & receive propositions for such Treaty and to conclude and sign the same, transmitting it to the United States in Congress assembled for their final Ratification, And by one other (commission bearing date the Eleventh day of March One thousand Seven hundred & Eighty five did further empower the said Ministers Plenipotentiary or a majority of them, by writing under the* hands and Seals to appoint such Agent in the said Business as they might think proper with Authority under the directions and Instructions of the said Ministers to commence & prosecute the said Negotiations & Conferences for the said Treaty provided that the said Treaty should be signed by the said Ministers: And Whereas, We the said John Adams & Thomas Jefferson two of the said Ministers Plenipotentiary (the said Benjamin Franklin being absent) by writing under the Hand and Seal of the said John Adams at London October the fifth, One thousand Seven hundred and Eighty five, & of the said Thomas Jefferson at Paris October the Eleventh of the same Year, did appoint Thomas Barclay, Agent in the Business aforesaid, giving him the Powers therein, which by the said second Commission we were authorized to give, and the said Thomas Barclay in pursuance thereof, hath arranged Articles for a Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States of America and His Majesty the Emperor of Morocco, which Articles written in the Arabic Language, confirmed by His said Majesty the Emperor of Morocco & seal’d with His Royal Seal, being translated into the Language of the said United States of America, together with the Attestations thereto annexed are in the following Words, To Wit.
In the name of Almighty God,
This is a Treaty of Peace and Friendship established between us and the United States of America, which is confirmed, and which we have ordered to be written in this Book and sealed with our Royal Seal at our Court of Morocco on the twenty fifth day of the blessed Month of Shaban, in the Year One thousand two hundred, trusting in God it will remain permanent.
1. We declare that both Parties have agreed that this Treaty consisting of twenty five Articles shall be inserted in this Book and delivered to the Honorable Thomas Barclay, the Agent of the United States now at our Court, with whose Approbation it has been made and who is duly authorized on their Part, to treat with us concerning all the Matters contained therein.
2. If either of the Parties shall be at War with any Nation whatever, the other Party shall not take a Commission from the Enemy nor fight under their Colors.
3. If either of the Parties shall be at War with any Nation whatever and take a Prize belonging to that Nation, and there shall be found on board Subjects or Effects belonging to either of the Parties, the Subjects shall be set at Liberty and the Effects returned to the Owners. And if any Goods belonging to any Nation, with whom either of the Parties shall be at War, shall be loaded on Vessels belonging to the other Party, they shall pass free and unmolested without any attempt being made to take or detain them.
4. A Signal or Pass shall be given to all Vessels belonging to both Parties, by which they are to be known when they meet at Sea, and if the Commander of a Ship of War of either Party shall have other Ships under his Convoy, the Declaration of the Commander shall alone be sufficient to exempt any of them from examination.
5. If either of the Parties shall be at War, and shall meet a Vessel at Sea, belonging to the other, it is agreed that if an examination is to be made, it shall be done by sending a Boat with two or three Men only, and if any Gun shall be Bred and injury done without Reason, the offending Party shall make good all damages.
6. If any Moorshall bring Citizens of the United States or their Effects to His Majesty, the Citizens shall immediately be set at Liberty and the Effects restored, and in like Manner, if any Moor not a Subject of these Dominions shall make Prize of any of the Citizens of America or their Effects and bring them into any of the Ports of His Majesty, they shall be immediately released, as they will then be considered as under His Majesty’s Protection.
7. If any Vessel of either Party shall put into a Port of the other and have occasion for Provisions or other Supplies, they shall be furnished without any interruption or molestation.
If any Vessel of the United States shall meet with a Disaster at Sea and put into one of our Ports to repair, she shall be at Liberty to land and reload her cargo, without paying any Duty whatever.
8. If any Vessel of the United States shall be cast on Shore on any Part of our Coasts, she shall remain at the disposition of the Owners and no one shall attempt going near her without their Approbation, as she is then considered particularly under our Protection; and if any Vessel of the United States shall be forced to put into our Ports, by Stress of weather or otherwise, she shall not be compelled to land her Cargo, but shall remain in tranquillity untill the Commander shall think proper to proceed on his Voyage.
9. If any Vessel of either of the Parties shall have an engagement with a Vessel belonging to any of the Christian Powers within gunshot of the Forts of the other, the Vessel so engaged shall be defended and protected as much as possible untill she is in safety; And if any American Vessel shall be cast on shore on the Coast of Wadnoon (1) or any coast thereabout, the People belonging to her shall be protected, and assisted untill by the help of God, they shall be sent to their Country.
10. If we shall be at War with any Christian Power and any of our Vessels sail from the Ports of the United States, no Vessel belonging to the enemy shall follow untill twenty four hours after the Departure of our Vessels; and the same Regulation shall be observed towards the American Vessels sailing from our Ports.-be their enemies Moors or Christians.
11. If any Ship of War belonging to the United States shall put into any of our Ports, she shall not be examined on any Pretence whatever, even though she should have fugitive Slaves on Board, nor shall the Governor or Commander of the Place compel them to be brought on Shore on any pretext, nor require any payment for them.
12. If a Ship of War of either Party shall put into a Port of the other and salute, it shall be returned from the Fort, with an equal Number of Guns, not with more or less.
13. The Commerce with the United States shall be on the same footing as is the Commerce with Spain or as that with the most favored Nation for the time being and their Citizens shall be respected and esteemed and have full Liberty to pass and repass our Country and Sea Ports whenever they please without interruption.
14. Merchants of both Countries shall employ only such interpreters, & such other Persons to assist them in their Business, as they shall think proper. No Commander of a Vessel shall transport his Cargo on board another Vessel, he shall not be detained in Port, longer than he may think proper, and all persons employed in loading or unloading Goods or in any other Labor whatever, shall be paid at the Customary rates, not more and not less.
15. In case of a War between the Parties, the Prisoners are not to be made Slaves, but to be exchanged one for another, Captain for Captain, Officer for Officer and one private Man for another; and if there shall prove a deficiency on either side, it shall be made up by the payment of one hundred Mexican Dollars for each Person wanting; And it is agreed that all Prisoners shall be exchanged in twelve Months from the Time of their being taken, and that this exchange may be effected by a Merchant or any other Person authorized by either of the Parties.
16. Merchants shall not be compelled to buy or Sell any kind of Goods but such as they shall think proper; and may buy and sell all sorts of Merchandise but such as are prohibited to the other Christian Nations.
17. All goods shall be weighed and examined before they are sent on board, and to avoid all detention of Vessels, no examination shall afterwards be made, unless it shall first be proved, that contraband Goods have been sent on board, in which Case the Persons who took the contraband Goods on board shall be punished according to the Usage and Custom of the Country and no other Person whatever shall be injured, nor shall the Ship or Cargo incur any Penalty or damage whatever.
18. No vessel shall be detained in Port on any presence whatever, nor be obliged to take on board any Article without the consent of the Commander, who shall be at full Liberty to agree for the Freight of any Goods he takes on board.
19. If any of the Citizens of the United States, or any Persons under their Protection, shall have any disputes with each other, the Consul shall decide between the Parties and whenever the Consul shall require any Aid or Assistance from our Government to enforce his decisions it shall be immediately granted to him.
20. If a Citizen of the United States should kill or wound a Moor, or on the contrary if a Moor shall kill or wound a Citizen of the United States, the Law of the Country shall take place and equal Justice shall be rendered, the Consul assisting at the Tryal, and if any Delinquent shall make his escape, the Consul shall not be answerable for him in any manner whatever.
21. If an American Citizen shall die in our Country and no Will shall appear, the Consul shall take possession of his Effects, and if there shall be no Consul, the Effects shall be deposited in the hands of some Person worthy of Trust, untill the Party shall appear who has a Right to demand them, but if the Heir to the Person deceased be present, the Property shall be delivered to him without interruption; and if a Will shall appear, the Property shall descend agreeable to that Will, as soon as the Consul shall declare the Validity thereof.
22. The Consuls of the United States of America shall reside in any Sea Port of our Dominions that they shall think proper; And they shall be respected and enjoy all the Privileges which the Consuls of any other Nation enjoy, and if any of the Citizens of the United States shall contract any Debts or engagements, the Consul shall not be in any Manner accountable for them, unless he shall have given a Promise in writing for the payment or fulfilling thereof, without which promise in Writing no Application to him for any redress shall be made.
23. If any differences shall arise by either Party infringing on any of the Articles of this Treaty, Peace and Harmony shall remain notwithstanding in the fullest force, untill a friendly Application shall be made for an Arrangement, and untill that Application shall be rejected, no appeal shall be made to Arms. And if a War shall break out between the Parties, Nine Months shall be granted to all the Subjects of both Parties, to dispose of their Effects and retire with their Property. And it is further declared that whatever indulgences in Trade or otherwise shall be granted to any of the Christian Powers, the Citizens of the United States shall be equally entitled to them.
24. This Treaty shall continue in full Force, with the help of God for Fifty Years.
We have delivered this Book into the Hands of the before-mentioned Thomas Barclay on the first day of the blessed Month of Ramadan, in the Year One thousand two hundred.
I certify that the annex’d is a true Copy of the Translation made by Issac Cardoza Nunez, Interpreter at Morocco, of the treaty between the Emperor of Morocco and the United States of America.
Treaty of Peace and Friendship in Arabic Morocco is one of the first countries to recognize the independence of the United States as the Sultan Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdullah issued a declaration in 1777 allowing American ships access to Moroccan ports. In 1787 a Treaty of peace and friendship was signed in Marrakech and ratified in 1836. It is still in force making it the longest unbroken treaty in the U.S history. The U.S had also its first consulate in Tangier in 1797 in a building given by the sultan Moulay Sliman. It is the oldest U.S diplomatic property in the world. Below is the Treaty called the “Marrakech Treaty” in its original form as was written in 1786.
“This is a Treaty of Peace and Friendship established between Morocco and the United States of America, which is confirmed, and which we have ordered to be written in this Book and sealed with our Royal Seal at our Court of Morocco on the twenty fifth day of the blessed Month of Shaban, in the Year One thousand two hundred, trusting in God it will remain permanent” The Sultan Mohammed Ben Abdullah.
2. If one of the Parties shall be at War with any Nation whatsoever, the other Party shall not take a Commission either from the Enemy nor fight under their Colors.
3. If either of the Parties shall be at War with any Nation whatever and take a Prize belonging to that Nation, and there shall be found on board Subjects or Effects belonging to of the Parties, the Subjects shall be set at Liberty and the Effects returned to the Owners. In addition, if any Goods belonging to any Nation, with whom either of the Parties shall be at War, shall be loaded on Vessels belonging to the other Party, they shall pass free and unmolested without any attempt being made to take or detain them.The United States of America was never Christian Nation- Here is my legal Proof.
One of the hard facts of life is that the United States of America is not a Christian Nation. The following Treaty was made by the United States of America with the Barbary Pirates. It passed the 5th Congress without a hitch. Article 11 was made part of the record to convince the Muslims that the United States of America is not a Christian Nation, and therefore peace could be established between the two nations.
TREATIES AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1776-1949
Compiled under the direction of CHARLES I. BEVANS, LL.B. Assistant Legal Adviser, Department of State
Volume II PHILIPPINES- UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC
DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 8728 Released February 1974
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402 – Price $14.35 pages 1070 – 1074
Tripoli PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP
Treaty signed at Tripoli November 4, 1796, and at Algiers January 3, 1797 Senate advice and consent to ratification June 7, 1797 Ratified by the President of the United States June 10, 1797 Entered into force June 10, 1797 Proclaimed by the President of the United States June 10, 1797 Superseded April 17, 1806, by treaty of June, 4, 18051 8 Stat. 154; Treaty Series 3582[TRANSLATION of 1796]3 TREATY OF PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE BEY AND SUBJECTS OF TRIPOLI OF BARBARY
ARTICLE 1 There is a firm and perpetual Peace and friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and subjects of Tripoli of Barbary, made by the free consent of both parties, and guaranteed by the most potent Dey & regency of Algiers.
ARTICLE 2 If any goods belonging to any nation with which either of the parties is at war shall be loaded on board of vessels belonging to the other party they shall pass free, and no attempt shall be made to take or detain them.
ARTICLE 3 If any citizens, subjects or effects belonging to either party shall be found on board a prize vessel taken from an enemy by the other party, such citizens or subjects shall be set at liberty, and the effects restored to the owners.
ARTICLE 4 Proper passports are to be given to all vessels of both parties, by which they are to be known. And, considering the distance between the two countries, eighteen months from the date of this treaty shall be allowed for procuring such passports. During this interval the other papers belonging to such vessels shall be sufficient for their protection.
ARTICLE 5 A citizen or subject of either party having bought a prize vessel condemned by the other party or by any other nation, the certificate of condemnation and bill of sale shall be a sufficient passport for such vessel for one year; this being a reasonable time for her to procure a proper passport.
ARTICLE 6 Vessels of either party putting into the ports of the other and having need of provisions or other supplies, they shall be furnished at the market price. And if any such vessel shall so put in from a disaster at sea and have occasion to repair, she shall be at liberty to land and reembark her cargo without paying any duties. But in no case shall she be compelled to land her cargo.
ARTICLE 7 Should a vessel of either party be cast on the shore of the other, all proper assistance shall be given to her and her people; no pillage shall be allowed; the property shall remain at the disposition of the owners, and the crew protected and succoured till they can be sent to their country.
ARTICLE 8 If a vessel of either party should be attacked by an enemy within gun-shot of the forts of the other she shall be defended as much as possible. If she be in port she shall not be seized or attacked when it is in the power of the other party to protect her. And when she proceeds to sea no enemy shall be allowed to pursue her from the same port within twenty four hours after her departure.
ARTICLE 9 The commerce between the United States and Tripoli, – the protection to be given to merchants, masters of vessels and seamen, – the reciprocal right of establishing consuls in each country, and the privileges, immunities and jurisdictions to be enjoyed by such consuls, are declared to be on the same footing with those of the most favoured nations respectively.
ARTICLE 10 The money and presents demanded by the Bey of Tripoli as a full and satisfactory consideration on his part and on the part of his subjects for this treaty of perpetual peace and friendship are acknowledged to have been received by him previous to his signing the same, according to a receipt which is hereto annexed, except such part as is promised on the part of the United States to be delivered and paid by them on the arrival of their Consul in Tripoli, of which part a note is likewise hereto annexed. And no pretence of any periodical tribute or farther payment is ever to be made by either party.
ARTICLE 11 As the government of the United States of America is not in any sense founded on the Christian Religion,4 – as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws, religion or tranquility of Musselmen, – and as the said States never have entered into any war or act of hostility against any Mehomitan nation, it is declared by the parties that no pretext arising from religious opinions shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between the two countries.
ARTICLE 12 In case of any dispute arising from a violation of any of the articles of this treaty no appeal shall be made to arms, nor shall war be declared on any pretext whatever. But if the Consul residing at the place where the dispute shall happen shall not be able to settle the same, an amicable reference shall be made to the mutual friend of the parties, the Dey of Algiers, the parties hereby engaging to abide by his decision. And he by virtue of his signature to this treaty engages for himself and successors to declare the justice of the case according to the true interpretation of the treaty, and to use all the means in his power to enforce the observance of the same.
Signed and sealed at Tripoli of Barbary the 3d day of Jumad in the year of the Higera 1211 – corresponding with the 4th day of Novr 1796 by
JUSSUF BASHAW MAHOMET Bey SOLIMAN Kaya MAMET – Treasurer GALIL – Genl of the Troops AMET – Minister of Marine MAHOMET – Comt of the city AMET – Chamberlain MAMET – Secretary ALLY – Chief of the Divan
Signed and sealed at Algiers the 4th day of Argib 1211 – corresponding with the 3d day of January 1797 by HASSAN BASHAW Dey and by the Agent plenipotentiary of the United States of America JOEL BARLOW [SEAL]
[THE “RECEIPT”] Praise be to God & c- The present writing done by our hand and delivered to the American Captain OBrien makes known that he has delivered to us forty thousand Spanish dollars, – thirteen watches of gold, silver & pins-back, – five rings, of which three of diamonds, one of saphire and one with a watch in it, – one hundred & forty piques of cloth, and four caftans of brocade, – and these on account of the peace concluded with the Americans. Given at Tripoli in Barbary the 20th day of Jumad 1211, corresponding with the 21st day of Novr 1796 – JUSSUF BASHAW – Bey whom God Exalt The foregoing is a true copy of the receipt given by Jussuf Bashaw – Bey of Tripoli – HASSAN BASHAW – Dey of Algiers The foregoing is a literal translation of the writing in Arabic on the opposite page JOEL BARLOW[THE “NOTE”]
On the arrival of a consul of the United States in Tripoli he is to deliver to Jussuf Bashaw Bey –
twelve thousand Spanish dollars five hawsers – 8 Inch three cables – 10 Inch twenty five barrels tar twenty five do pitch ten do rosin five hundred pine boards five hundred oak do ten masts (without any measure mentioned, suppose for vessels from 2 to 300 ton) twelve yards fifty bolts canvas four anchors And these when delivered are to be in full of all demands on his part or on that of his successors from the United States according as it is expressed in the tenth article of the following treaty. And no farther demand of tributes, presents or payments shall ever be made. Translated from the Arabic on the opposite page, which is signed & sealed by Hassan Bashaw Dey of Algiers – the 4th day of Argib 1211 – or the 3d day of Jany 1797 – by –
JOEL BARLOW[APPROVAL OF U.S. MINISTER AT LISBON]
To all to whom these Presents shall come or be made known. Whereas the Underwritten David Humphreys hath been duly appointed Commissioner Plenipotentiary by Letters Patent, under the Signature of the President and Seal of the United States of America, dated the 30th of March 1795, for negociating and concluding a Treaty of Peace with the Most Illustrious the Bashaw, Lords and Governors of the City & Kingdom of Tripoli; whereas by a Writing under his Hand and Seal dated the 10th of February 1796, he did (in conformity to the authority committed to me therefor) constitute and appoint Joel Barlow and Joseph Donaldson Junior Agents jointly and seperately in the business aforesaid; whereas the annexed Treaty of Peace and Friendship was agreed upon, signed and sealed at Tripoli of Barbary on the 4th of November 1796, in virtue of the Powers aforesaid and guaranteed by the Most potent Dey and Regency of Algiers; and whereas the same was certified at Algiers on the 3d of January 1797, with the Signature and Seal of Hassan Bashaw Dey, and of Joel Barlow one of the Agents aforesaid, in the absence of the other. Now Know ye, that I David Humphreys Commissioner Plenipotentiary aforesaid, do approve and conclude the said Treaty, and every article and clause therein contained, reserving the same nevertheless for the final Ratification of the President of the United States of America, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate of the said United States. In testimony whereof I have signed the same with my Name and Seal, at the City of Lisbon this 10th of February 1797.
DAVID HUMPHREYS [SEAL] [United States Minister at Lisbon]
1 TS 359, post, p. 1081. 2 For a detailed study of this treaty, see 2 Miller 349. 3 This translation from the Arabic by Joel Barlow, Consul General at Algiers, has been printed in all official and unofficial treaty collections since it first appeared in 1797 in the Session Laws of the Fifth Congress, first session. In a “Note Regarding the Barlow Translation” Hunter Miller stated: “. . . Most extraordinary (and wholly unexplained) is the fact that Article 11 of the Barlow translation, with its famous phrase, ‘the government of the United States of America is not in any sense founded on the Christian Religion.’ does not exist at all. There is no Article 11. The Arabic text which is between Articles 10 and 12 is in form a letter, crude and flamboyant and withal quite unimportant, from the Dey of Algiers to the Pasha of Tripoli. How that script came to be written and to be regarded, as in the Barlow translation, as Article 11 of the treaty as there written, is a mystery and seemingly must remain so. Nothing in the diplomatic correspondence of the time throws any light whatever on the point.” (2 Miller 384.) The Miller edition also contains an annotated translation from the original Arabic made in 1930 by Dr. C. Snouck Hurgronje of Leiden; for text, see p. 1075. 4 See footnote 3, p. 1070.
MANY OF YOU NEVER KNOWN THE RELATIONSHIP WITH THE MOORISH EMPIRE. THE SCHOOLS and ISLAMIC MOVEMENTS HAVE KEPT THIS A SECRET. Office of the Historian – U.S. Department of State
Morocco and the United States have a long history of friendly relations. This North African nation was one of the first states to seek diplomatic relations with America. In 1777, Sultan Sidi Muhammad Ben Abdullah, the most progressive of the Barbary leaders who ruled Morocco from 1757 to 1790, announced his desire for friendship with the United States. The Sultan’s overture was part of a new policy he was implementing as a result of his recognition of the need to establish peaceful relations with the Christian powers and his desire to establish trade as a basic source of revenue. Faced with serious economic and political difficulties, he was searching for a new method of governing which required changes in his economy. Instead of relying on a standing professional army to collect taxes and enforce his authority, he wanted to establish state-controlled maritime trade as a new, more reliable, and regular source of income which would free him from dependency on the services of the standing army. The opening of his ports to America and other states was part of that new policy.
The Sultan issued a declaration on December 20, 1777, announcing that all vessels sailing under the American flag could freely enter Moroccan ports. The Sultan stated that orders had been given to his corsairs to let the ship “des Americains” and those of other European states with which Morocco had no treaties-Russia Malta, Sardinia, Prussia, Naples, Hungary, Leghorn, Genoa, and Germany-pass freely into Moroccan ports. There they could “take refreshments” and provisions and enjoy the same privileges as other nations that had treaties with Morocco. This action, under the diplomatic practice of Morocco at the end of the 18th century, put the United States on an equal footing with all other nations with which the Sultan had treaties. By issuing this declaration, Morocco became one of the first states to acknowledge publicly the independence of the American Republic.
On February 2O, l778, the sultan of Morocco reissued his December 20, 1777, declaration. American officials, however, only belatedly learned of the Sultan’s full intentions. Nearly identical to the first, the February 20 declaration was again sent to all consuls and merchants in the ports of Tangier, Sale, and Mogador informing them the Sultan had opened his ports to Americans and nine other European States. Information about the Sultan’s desire for friendly relations with the United States first reached Benjamin Franklin, one of the American commissioners in Paris, sometime in late April or early May 1778 from Etienne d’Audibert Caille, a French merchant of Sale. Appointed by the Sultan to serve as Consul for all the nations unrepresented in Morocco, Caille wrote on behalf of the Sultan to Franklin from Cadiz on April 14, 1778, offering to negotiate a treaty between Morocco and the United States on the same terms the Sultan had negotiated with other powers. When he did not receive a reply, Caille wrote Franklin a second letter sometime later that year or in early 1779. When Franklin wrote to the committee on Foreign Affairs in May 1779, he reported he had received two letters from a Frenchman who “offered to act as our Minister with the Emperor” and informed the American commissioner that “His Imperial Majesty wondered why we had never sent to thank him for being the first power on this side of the Atlantic that had acknowledged our independence and opened his ports to us.” Franklin, who did not mention the dates of Caille’s letters or when he had received them, added that he had ignored these letters because the French advised him that Caille was reputed to be untrustworthy. Franklin stated that the French King was willing to use his good offices with the Sultan whenever Congress desired a treaty and concluded, “whenever a treaty with the Emperor is intended, I suppose some of our naval stores will be an acceptable present and the expectation of continued supplies of such stores a powerful motive for entering into and continuing a friendship.”
Since the Sultan received no acknowledgement of his good will gestures by the fall of 1 779, he made another attempt to contact the new American government. Under instructions from the Moroccan ruler, Caille wrote a letter to Congress in September 1779 in care of Franklin in Paris to announce his appointment as Consul and the Sultan’s desire to be at peace with the United States. The Sultan, he reiterated, wished to conclude a treaty “similar to those Which the principal maritime powers have with him.” Americans were invited to “come and traffic freely in these ports in like manner as they formerly did under the English flag.” Caille also wrote to John Jay, the American representative at Madrid, on April 21,1780, asking for help in conveying the Sultan’s message to Congress and enclosing a copy of Caille’s commission from the Sultan to act as Consul for all nations that had none in Morocco, as well as a copy of the February 20, 1778, declaration. Jay received that letter with enclosures in May 1780, but because it was not deemed to be of great importance, he did not forward it and its enclosures to Congress until November 30, 1 780.
Before Jay’s letter with the enclosures from Caille reached Congress, Samuel Huntington, President of Congress, made the first official response to the Moroccan overtures in a letter of November 28,1780, to Franklin. Huntington wrote that Congress had received a letter from Caille, and asked Franklin to reply. Assure him, wrote Huntington, “in the name of Congress and in terms most respectful to the Emperor that we entertain a sincere disposition to cultivate the most perfect friendship with him, and are desirous to enter into a treaty of commerce with him; and that we shall embrace a favorable opportunity to announce our wishes in form.”
The U.S. Government sent its first official communication to the Sultan of Morocco in December 1780. It read: We the Congress of the 13 United States of North America, have been informed of your Majesty’s favorable regard to the interests of the people we represent, which has been communicated by Monsieur Etienne d’Audibert Caille of Sale, Consul of Foreign nations unrepresented in your Majesty’s states. We assure you of our earnest desire to cultivate a sincere and firm peace and friendship with your Majesty and to make it lasting to all posterity. Should any of the subjects of our states come within the ports of your Majesty’s territories, we flatter ourselves they will receive the benefit of your protection and benevolence. You may assure yourself of every protection and assistance to your subjects from the people of these states whenever and wherever they may have it in their power. We pray your Majesty may enjoy long life and uninterrupted prosperity.
No action was taken either by Congress or the Sultan for over 2 years. The Americans, preoccupied with the war against Great Britain, directed their diplomacy at securing arms, money, military support, and recognition from France, Spain, and the Netherlands and eventually sought peace with England. Moreover, Sultan Sidi Muhammad and more pressing concerns and focused on his relations with the European powers, especially Spain and Britain over the question of Gibraltar. From 1778 to 1782, the Moroccan leader also turned to domestic difficulties resulting from drought and famine, and unpopular food tax, food shortages and inflation of food prices, trade problems, and a disgruntled military.
The American commissioners in Paris, John Adams, Jay, and Franklin urged Congress in September 1783 to take some action in negotiating a treaty with Morocco. “The Emperor of Morocco has manifested a very friendly disposition towards us,” they wrote. “He expects and is reading to receive a Minister from us; and as he may be succeeded by a prince differently disposed, a treaty with him may be of importance. Our trade to the Mediterranean will not be inconsiderable, and the friendship of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli may become very interesting in case the Russians should succeed in their endeavors to navigate freely into it by Constantinople.”
Congress finally acted in the spring of 1784. On May 7, Congress authorized its Ministers in Paris, Franklin, Jay, and Adams, to conclude treaties of amity and commerce with Russia, Austria, Prussia, Denmark, Saxony, Hamburg, great Britain, Spain, Portugal, Genoa, Tuscany, Rome, Naples, Venice, Sardinia, and the Ottoman Porte as well as the Barbary States of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. The treaties with the Barbary States were to be in force for 10 years or longer. The commissioners were instructed to inform the Sultan of Morocco of the “great satisfaction which Congress feels from the amicable disposition he has shown towards these states.” They were asked to state that “the occupations of the war and distance of our situation have prevented our meeting his friendship so early as we wished.” A few days later, commissions were given to the three men to negotiate the treaties.
Continued delays by American officials exasperated the sultan and prompted him to take more drastic action to gain their attention. On October 11,1784, the Moroccans captured the American merchant ship, Betsey. After the ship and crew were taken to Tangier, he announced that he would release the men, ship, and cargo once a treaty with the United States was concluded. Accordingly, preparation for negotiations with Morocco began in 1785. On March 1 Congress authorized the commissioners to delegate to some suitable agent the authority to negotiate treaties with the Barbary States. The agent was required to follow the commissioners’ instructions and to submit the negotiated treaty to them for approval. Congress also empowered the commissioners to spend a maximum of 80,000 dollars to conclude treaties with these states. Franklin left Paris on July 12, 1785, to return to the United States, 3 days after the Sultan released the Betsey and its crew. Thomas Jefferson became Minister to France and thereafter negotiations were conducted by Adams in London and Jefferson in Paris. On October 11, 1785, the commissioners appointed Thomas Barclay, American Consul in Paris, to negotiate a treaty with Morocco on the basis of a draft treaty drawn up by the commissioners. That same day the commissioners appointed Thomas Lamb as special agent to negotiate a treaty with Algiers. Barclay was given a maximum of 20,000 dollars for the treaty and instructed to gather information concerning the commerce, ports, naval and land forces, languages, religion, and government as well as evidence of Europeans attempting to obstruct American negotiations with the Barbary States.
Barclay left Paris on January 15, 1 786, and after several stops, including 21/2 months in Madrid, arrived in Marrakech on June 19. While the French offered some moral support to the United States in their negotiations with Morocco, it was the Spanish government that furnished substantial backing in the form of letters from the Spanish King and Prime Minister to the Sultan of Morocco. After a cordial welcome, Barclay conducted the treaty negotiations in two audiences with Sidi Muhammad and Tahir Fannish, a leading Moroccan diplomat from a Morisco family in Sale who headed the negotiations. The earlier proposals drawn up by the American commissioners in Paris became the basis for the treaty. While the Emperor opposed several articles, the final form contained in substance all that the Americans requested. When asked about tribute, Barclay stated that he “had to offer to His Majesty the friendship of the United States and to receive his in return, to form a treaty with him on liberal and equal terms. But if any engagements for future presents or tributes were necessary, I must return without any treaty.” The Moroccan leader accepted Barclay’s declaration that the United States would offer friendship but no tribute for the treaty, and the question of presents or tribute was not raised again. Barclay accepted no favor except the ruler’s promise to send letters to Constantinople, Tunisia, Tripoli, and Algiers recommending they conclude treaties with the United States.
Barclay and the Moroccans quickly reached agreement on the Treaty of Friendship and Amity. Also called the Treaty of Marrakech, it was sealed by the Emperor on June 23 and delivered to Barclay to sign on June 28. In addition, a separate ship seals agreement, providing for the identification at sea of American and Moroccan vessels, was signed at Marrakech on July 6,1786. Binding for 50 years, the Treaty was signed by Thomas Jefferson at Paris on January 1, 1787, and John Adams at London on January 25, 1787, and was ratified by Congress on July 18, 1787. The negotiation of this treaty marked the beginning of diplomatic relations between the two countries and it was the first treaty between any Arab, Muslim, or African State and the United States.
Congress found the treaty with Morocco highly satisfactory and passed a note of thanks to Barclay and to Spain for help in the negotiations. Barclay had reported fully on the amicable negotiations and written that the king of Morocco had “acted in a manner most gracious and condescending, and I really believe the Americans possess as much of his respect and regard as does any Christian nation whatsoever.” Barclay portrayed the King as “a just man, according to this idea of justice, of great personal courage, liberal to a degree, a lover of his people, stern” and “rigid in distributing justice.” The Sultan sent a friendly letter to the President of Congress with the treaty and included another from the Moorish minister, Sidi Fennish, which was highly complimentary of Barclay.
The United States established a consulate in Morocco in 1797. President Washington had requested funds for this post in a message to Congress on March 2, 1795, and James Simpson, the U.S. Consul at Gibraltar who was appointed to this post, took up residence in Tangier 2 years later. Sultan Sidi Muhammad’s successor, Sultan Moulay Soliman, had recommended to Simpson the establishment of a consulate because he believed it would provide greater protection for American vessels. In 1821, the Moroccan leader gave the United States one of the most beautiful buildings in Tangier for its consular representative. This building served as the seat of the principal U.S. representative to Morocco until 1956 and is the oldest piece of property owned by the United States abroad.
U. S.-Moroccan relations from 1777 to 1787 reflected the international and economic concerns of these two states in the late 18th century. The American leaders and the Sultan signed the 1786 treaty, largely for economic reasons, but also realized that a peaceful relationship would aid them in their relations with other powers. The persistent friendliness of Sultan Sidi Muhammad to the young republic, in spite of the fact that his overtures were initially ignored, was the most important factor in the establishment of this relationship.
THIS IS LEGAL RECORD FOR YOU TO KNOW THAT EVEN THE DEY DECLARED WAR WITH THE UNION. AS C.M. Bey says, Here is my legal proof. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD—HOUSE January 24, 1996
the problem he noted: Considering that Congress alone is constitutionally invested with the power of changing our condition from peace to war, I have thought it my duty to await their authority for using force in any degree which could be avoided.
1 Richardson 377. Military conflicts in the Mediterranean continued after Jefferson left office. The Dey of Algiers made war against U.S. citizens trading in that region and kept some in captivity. With the conclusion of the War of 1812 with England, President Madison recommended to Congress in 1815 that it declare war on Algiers: I recommend to Congress the expediency of an act declaring the existence of a state of war between the United States and the Dey and Regency of Algiers, and of such provisions as may be requisite for a vigorous prosecution of it to a successful issue.
2 Richardson 539. Instead of a declaration of war, Congress passed legislation for the protection of the commerce of the United States against the Algerine cruisers. The first line of the statute read: Whereas the Dey of Algiers, on the coast of Barbary, has commenced a predatory warfare against the United States. . . . Congress gave Madison authority to use armed vessels for the purpose of protecting the commerce of U.S. seamen on the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and adjoining seas. U.S. vessels (both governmental and private) could subdue, seize, and make prize of all vessels, goods and effects of or belonging to the Dey of Algiers. 3 Stat. 230 (1815). An American flotilla set sail for Algiers, where it captured two of the Dey’s ships and forced him to stop the piracy, release all captives, and renounce the practice of annual tribute payments. Similar treaties were obtained from Tunis and Tripoli. By the end of 1815, Madison could report to Congress on the successful termination of the war with Algiers.
LEGISLATIVE CONTROLS ON PROSPECTIVE ACTIONS
Can Congress only authorize and declare war, or may it also establish limits on prospective presidential actions? The statutes authorizing President Washington to protect the inhabitants of the frontiers from hostile incursions of the Indians were interpreted by the Washington administration as authority for defensive, not offensive, actions.
1 Stat. 96, § 5 (1789); 1 Stat. 121, § 16 (1790); 1 Stat. 222 (1791). Secretary of War Henry Knox wrote to Governor Blount on October 9, 1792: The Congress which possess the powers of declaring War will assemble on the 5th of next Month Until their judgments shall be made known it seems essential to confine all your operations to defensive measures. 4 The Territorial Papers of the United States 196 (Clarence Edwin Carter ed. 1936). President Washington consistently held to this policy. Writing in 1793, he said that any offensive operations against the Creek Nation must await congressional action:
The Constitution vests the power of declaring war with Congress; therefore no offensive expedition of importance can be undertaken until after they have deliberated upon the subject, and authorized such a measure. 33 The Writings of George Washington 73. The statute in 1792, upon which President Washington relied for his actions in the Whiskey Rebellion, conditioned the use of military force by the President upon an unusual judicial check. The legislation said that whenever the United States shall be invaded, or be in imminent danger of invasion from any foreign nation or Indian tribe, the President may call forth the state militias to repel such invasions and to suppress insurrections. 1 Stat. 264, § 1 (1792). However, whenever federal laws were opposed and their execution obstructed in any state, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or by the powers vested in the marshals by this act, the President would have to be first notified of that fact by an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court or by a federal district judge. Only after that notice could the President call forth the militia of the state to suppress the insurrection.
Id., § 2. In the legislation authorizing the Quasi-War of 1798, Congress placed limits on what President Adams could and could not do. One statute authorized him to seize vessels sailing to French ports. He acted beyond the terms of this statute by issuing an order directing American ships to capture vessels sailing to or from French ports. A naval captain followed his order by seizing a Danish ship sailing from a French port. He was sued for damages and the case came to the Supreme Court. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled for a unanimous Court that President Adams had exceeded his statutory authority. Little v. Barreme, 6 U.S. (2 Cr.) 169 (1804). The Neutrality Act of 1794 led to numerous cases before the federal courts. In one of the significant cases defining the power of Congress to restrict presidential war actions, a circuit court in 1806 reviewed the indictment of an individual who claimed that his military enterprise against Spain was begun, prepared, and set on foot with the knowledge and approbation of the executive department of the government. United States v. Smith, 27 Fed. Cas. 1192, 1229 (C.C.N.Y. 1806) (No. 16,342). The court repudiated his claim that a President could authorize military adventures that violated congressional policy. Executive officials were not at liberty to waive statutory provisions: if a private individual, even with the knowledge and approbation of this high and preeminent officer of our government [the President], should set on foot such a military expedition, how can be expect to be exonerated from the obligation of the law? The court said that the President cannot control the statute, nor dispense with its execution, and still less can he authorize a person to do what the law forbids. If he could, it would render the execution of the laws dependent on his will and pleasure; which is a doctrine that has not been set up, and will not meet with any supporters in our government. In this particular, the law is paramount. The President could not direct a citizen to conduct a war ] against a nation with whom the United States are at peace. Id. at 1230. The court asked: Does [the President] possess the power of making war? That power is exclusively vested in congress. . . . it is the exclusive province of Congress to change a state of peace in a state of war. Id. f
Cover photo: Étudiants / Militants Marocains à Paris en 1947
AHMED BALAFREJ A MOROCCAN FOREIGN AFFAIRS MINISTER / ; 16 FEBRUARY 1963, Copyright: Topfoto PUBLICATIONxINxGERxSUIxAUTxONLY UnitedArchivesIPU451402
PARENTAL HERITAGE OF MOROCCAN NATIONALISM
November 6 2015
Ahmed Balafrej was a close friend of my own Father, Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui during the time of heightening struggles for the independence of Morocco.
My Celebration in Spanish of our Recovery of our Moroccan Sahara from its occupation by the Colonialist Spanish State.
I’ll let you imagine the happy song I was singing at that time.
As my Sister said, we inherited the active nationalist spirit from our Father Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui who asked the Ministry of Transport and Mining Services to grant him a public transport license to open a direct line toward the Moroccan Sahara by connecting Casablanca Sidi Ifni / Tarfaya and the Moroccan Sahara and that during the forties and fifties of the last century.
Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui had a vision of Moroccan territory before the time of liberation, he projected freedom of movement for Moroccans and wanted to be the vehicle for crossing borders beyond the colonial barriers that have fragmented Morocco. In fact, Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui owned and operated travel transport licenses for intercity all directions in Morocco connecting the north occupied by Spanish Protectorate to the middle occupied by French Protectorate.
For Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui this kind of connection represented for him an opportunity to show its nationalist temperament. He has always considered Morocco as indivisible and he has also done it by visiting all the Soufi Zawiya and Marabout to celebrate their births with the followers which was also an occasion to cement ties and relations with believers in the movement of independence and the spirits of many of these Saints that were in the past Moudjahidines, including the ones from the Zawiya of his own ancestors Cherkawiya of Boujad and the surrounding towns.
Ahmed Balafrej and my Father Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui were close friends that started in Cairo, Egypt in 1927 and they have embarked together in many interactions later on. Balafrej was a name I have heard regularly in our house like the ones of other resistants and nationalistes of the first hour of the struggle. My father was behind the scene a facilitator and organizer as well as financier and helper of the movement of independence in the cities where his business carried its operations which was the transportation of travelers and merchandises and he was the first Moroccan Muslim who started in Morocco the services of public transports.
The buses of my Father were the carrier of couriers, supply of all kind and informations for the nationalists around Morocco, given the buses of my Father had licence for transport that is “Transport Toutes Directions – Transportation for All Directions” and this was given to my Father given that Morocco had insufficient infrastructure and few services for transportation in addition that many regions were not under control of the French colonial administration and my Father could venture in such regions considering his relations and reputation the local chiefs of tribes.
Furthermore, Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui, following the end of the Rif War, traveled to Cairo to contact the Moroccan nationalists living or self-exiled in this city and the Moroccan Students at the Azhar University.
Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui au Caire, Egypte 1927-1930
Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui – 1930 – Photo de Passeport de son Voyage Egypte, le Caire, Jerusalem – Quods, Bagdad, Damas et Hidjaz
Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui met Ahmed Balafrej who has since become his friend until the advent of independence and Balafrej’s new governmental responsibilities. Also, Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui financed the construction of a mosque / meeting center in Cairo for Moroccan students residing in the Egyptian capital, this construction had brought them closer and Ahmed Balafrej and Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui discussed together gave the idea to my Moulay Ahmed to build a school teaching Arabic for the children of the Moroccan people in El Jadida in Morocco, city of residence of Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui. Ahmed Balafrej was one of the first to encourage my father to build such a school, since he himself had first taken classes in a school teaching Arabic in Rabat and his presence in Cairo where he met my father in is the result.
Also, my father had built a school to teach Arabic to the sons of the people in Mazagan – El Jadida, it was usurped by the Istiqlalians who manage it until now: Madrassa Hassania.
This Madrasa Hassania was the result of the meeting between my Father Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui and Ahmed Balafrej in Cairo. My Father had financed the construction of premises in the Hay Maghariba next to the University of Azhar for Moroccan Students and refugees from the Rif War settled in Cairo (see photo: Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui in Cairo, Egypt 1927- 1930).
This had allowed the meeting between my Father and Balafrej who became Friends until Balafrej was swallowed up by his job in the Moroccan State and especially in the shenanigans of the usurpers of national power, the former collaborators / former Military of the regime of the Protectorate and the Istiqlalian usurpers.
In fact, my whole family was the victim of reprisals from the French colonial authorities who sought to repress everything that represents a demand for independence, especially since the issue of Morocco was linked to that of Algeria and Tunisia.
My own brother spent more than 2 years of hard labor in the Atlas Mountains
My own Father was thrown in prison and lost all his property and he was obliged to transfer the little that remained in the name of my Mother and my brothers and sisters when I was not yet born.
One of my Father’s cousins was shot in broad daylight in Marrakech, the same week was my Father’s imprisonment.
For Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui, all these activities have helped to strengthen awareness and ties between Moroccans with the aim of maintaining contact between them and showing their attachment to the ideal of restoring the legitimate right to the independence of the Kingdom of Morocco and the Sultanate of Morocco within a Single Morocco.
How our family knows Ahmed Balafrej, after the sudden death of Mohammed V, he resigned first from all the official duties and became close to Moulay Hassan II just to protect Him and Morocco against the foreign interests still holding strong hands on Morocco through the descendants of the collaborators with the French Protectorate.
Morocco at that the time of the sudden death of Mohammed V who was the symbol of liberation of Morocco and the promoter of liberation of other surrounding african nations which added more oil on the fire set by the Neo-colonialists and the new rising elites coming from the Kissariates and formed in Grandes Ecoles of Bordeaux and Paris. Similar social conditioning happen later in Iran with the Bazaristes and their sons in Europe who became the rulers topping the Shah.
Ahmed Balafrej is more than just a political figure, he was a Man of words and affection with a great sense of honor and loyalty qualities that become obsolete during the post-independence thanks to Politique Politicienne by multiplied by political parties.
Ahmed Balafrej found himself faced with continual opposition, antagonism, manigances and manipulations like what happens to Ghandi.
Ahmed Balafrej tried to save Morocco from such undermining from inside which ended up by the jailing of his own son by whom, an ex-capitain of the Colonial French Army, who became l’Homme Fort du Maroc, General Oufkir. More to say about this .. later on.
What I describe above is based on authentic documentation and actions taken directly by my Father Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui, Rest Soul and Spirit in Peace in Jena among Saints and Benefactors
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui 7/11/2021
Progressive Isolation and Demise of Ahmed Balafrej
Ahmed Balafrej is more than just a political figure, he was a Man of words and affection with a great sense of honor and loyalty qualities that become obsolete during the post-independence thanks to Politique Politicienne by multiplied by political parties.
Ahmed Balafrej found himself faced with continual opposition, antagonism, manigances and manipulations like what happen to Ghandi.
How our family knows Ahmed Balafrej, after the sudden death of Mohammed V, he resigned first from all the official duties and became close to Moulay Hassan II just to protect Him and Morocco against the foreign interests still holding strong hands on Morocco through the descendants of the collaborators with the French Protectorate.
Morocco at that the time of the sudden death of Mohammed V who was the symbol of liberation of Morocco and the promoter of liberation of other surrounding african nations which added more oil on the fire set by the Neo-colonialists and the new rising elites coming from the Kissariates and formed in Grandes Ecoles of Bordeaux and Paris. Similar social conditioning happen later in Iran with the Bazaristes and their sons in Europe who became the rulers topping the Shah.
Ahmed Balafrej tried to save Morocco from such undermining from inside and the repression against the real militants and the ones who did not accept the New Colonialism sliding behind and under liberal democratic make-ups and multiple splits in the ranks of the nationalists and the rising of multipartism without having a democratic space of actions or legitimization. All these changes on the top of the a society still wounded by more than 40 years of divisions and massacres conducted by the Spanish and the French colonial occupiers of Morocco under the disguise of Protectorate of the King while it was the protection of their own intrinsic interests and those collaborating with them locally. All these scenarios scripted in the European Metropoles ended up by the dismantling of the National Army of Liberation in the Northern Rif and in the Southern Sahara, the condemning with heavy jail sentences all the militants still seeking a national liberation at the economic and financial level, the elimination of hardcore resistants, the administration of Morocco through emergency legislation and acts, the disappearance of political activists, the exile of the most prominent figures. The perpetrators of these repressive policies have completely wipe out the resistance movement of the national liberation which isolated further Ahmed Balafrej becoming a Lion in a cage. However lion stays a lion, so they pusch the Machevielic drive to the summum of cynicism. Given that these comploters could not break the strong tie and relation between Ahmed Balafrej and the Throne / Monarchy of Morocco, so they attack him at the level of his own emotion which made these continual waves of repression to continued without interruption to the point that it culminates to the level of jailing the own son of Ahmed Balafrej under the direction and the orchestration of a ferocious team led by ex-captain of the Colonial French Army in Italy and Indochine, who was placed behind Mohammed V as personal guard by the French Chancellerie and Secret Services and was helped to become l’Homme Fort du Maroc, General Oufkir. More to say about this ..
Ahmed Balafrej had to quit forever the political scene that became directed by scripts and directors and producers made and tailored to the needs of calibration and definition of roles and functions decided by the large conglomerates that have been the first reason in the invasion of Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco and the rest of Africa:
Plus ca change, plus ca reste la meme chose, the Change of the Means with the Continuity of the Ends
Ma célébration en espagnol de notre récupération de notre Sahara marocain de son occupation par l’État colonialiste espagnol.
Je vous laisse imaginer la chanson joyeuse que je chantais à ce moment-là. Comme l’a dit ma Sœur, nous avons hérité de l’esprit nationaliste actif de notre Père Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui qui a demandé au Ministère des Transports et des Services Miniers de lui accorder une licence de transport public pour ouvrir une ligne directe vers le Sahara marocain en reliant Casablanca Sidi Ifni / Tarfaya et le Sahara marocain et cela durant les années quarante et cinquante du siècle dernier.
Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui avait une vision du territoire marocain avant l’heure de la libération, il projetait la liberté de circulation des Marocains et voulait être le véhicule du franchissement des frontières au-delà des barrières coloniales qui ont fragmenté le Maroc.
En fait, Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui possédait et exploitait des licences de transport de voyage interurbain toutes directions au Maroc reliant le nord occupé par le protectorat espagnol avec le milieu du Maroc occupé par le protectorat français. Ainsi Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui établissait un genre de rapprochement qui représentait pour lui l’occasion de montrer son tempérament nationaliste et contribuer a maintenir la liaison entre les deux Maroc colonisés et ses citoyens.
Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui a toujours considéré le Maroc comme indivisible et il l’a également fait en visitant tous les Soufi Zawiya et Marabout pour célébrer leurs naissances avec les fidèles ce qui était aussi l’occasion de cimenter les liens et les relations avec les croyants dans le mouvement d’indépendance et ranimer les esprits autour de ces Saints qui étaient autrefois des Moujahidines, y compris ceux de la Zawiya de ses propres ancêtres, la Cherkawiya de Boujad et des villes environnantes.
Ahmed Balafrej et mon père Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui étaient des amis proches qui ont commencé au Caire, en Égypte en 1927 et ils se sont embarqués ensemble dans de nombreuses interactions plus tard. Balafrej était un nom que j’entendais régulièrement dans notre maison comme ceux d’autres résistants et nationalistes de la première heure de la lutte. Mon père était dans les coulisses un facilitateur et organisateur ainsi que financier et aide du mouvement d’indépendance dans les villes où son entreprise portait ses opérations qui était le transport de voyageurs et de marchandises et il a été le premier musulman marocain qui a commencé au Maroc le services de transports en commun.
Les bus de mon Père étaient le transporteur de courriers, de ravitaillement en tout genre et d’informations pour les nationalistes à travers le Maroc, étant donné que les bus de mon Père avaient une licence de transport qui est “Transport Toutes Directions – Transport pour Toutes les Directions” et cela a été donné à mon Père étant donné que le Maroc avait des infrastructures insuffisantes et peu de services de transport en plus que de nombreuses régions n’étaient pas sous le contrôle de l’administration coloniale française et mon Père pouvait s’aventurer dans de telles régions compte tenu de ses relations et de sa réputation avec les chefs de tribus locaux.
Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui rencontra Ahmed Balafrej qui est devenu depuis ce moment son Ami jusqu’à l’avènement de l’indépendance et les nouvelles responsabilités gouvernementales de Balafrej. Aussi, Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui finança la construction d’une mosquée / centre de rencontre au Caire pour les Etudiants Marocains résidant dans la capitale égyptienne, cette construction les avait rapproché plus et Ahmed Balafrej et Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui discutèrent ensemble donna l’idée a mon Moulay Ahmed de construire une Ecole enseignant l’Arabe pour les enfants du peuple marocain a El Jadida au Maroc, ville de résidence de Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui. Ahmed Balafrej fut l’un des des premiers a encourager mon Pere de construire une telle école vu que lui même il avait suivi des cours en premier dans une école enseignant l’Arabe a Rabat et que sa présence au Caire ou il rencontra mon Père en est le résultat.
Le voyage de Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui fit le tour du Moyen-Orient (Egypte, Palestine, Syrie, Irak et péninsule arabique) et des rencontres en personne avec des islamistes et des soufis et cela à travers ses pèlerinages à Jérusalem, La Mecque – Médine, Damas et Bagdad.
En fait, toute ma Famille fut victime des représailles des autorités coloniales françaises qui cherchaient a réprimer tout ce que représente une revendication indépendantiste surtout que l’enjeu du Maroc était lié a celui de l’Algérie et de la Tunisie.
Mon propre frère a passé plus que de 2 ans de travaux forcés dans les montagnes de l’Atlas
Mon propre Père a été jeté en prison et perdit tous ses biens et il fut obligé de transférer le peu qui restait au nom de ma Mère et mes frères et sœurs alors que je n’étais pas encore né.
Un des cousins de mon Père fut abattu en plein jour à Marrakech, la même semaine fut l’emprisonnement de mon Père.
Aussi, mon Père avait construit une École pour enseigner l’arabe aux fils du peuple a Mazagan – El Jadida, elle fut usurpée par les Istiqlaliens qui la gèrent jusqu’à maintenant: Madrassa Hassania.
Cette Madrasa Hassania fut le résultat de la rencontre entre mon Père Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui et Ahmed Balafrej au Caire. Mon Père avait financé la construction d’un local dans le Hay Maghariba à côté de l’Université de Azhar pour les Étudiants Marocains et les réfugiés de la Guerre du Rif installés au Caire (voir photo: Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui au Caire, Egypte 1927-1930).
Cela avait permis la rencontre entre mon Père et Balafrej qui sont devenus des Amis jusqu’à ce que Balafrej fut englouti par son boulot dans l’Etat Marocain et surtout dans les manigances des usurpateurs du pouvoir national, les anciens collaborateurs / ex Militaire du régime du Protectorat et les usurpateurs Istiqlaliens.
Pour Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui, toutes ces activités ont contribué à renforcer la prise de conscience et les liens entre les Marocains dans le but de maintenir le contact entre eux et de manifester leur attachement à l’idéal de restaurer le droit légitime à l’indépendance du Royaume du Maroc et du Sultanat du Maroc au sein d’un Maroc Unique.
Ce que je décris ci-dessus est basé sur une documentation authentique et par des actions prises directement par mon Père Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui, Repose Âme et Esprit en Paix à Jena parmi les Saints et les Bienfaiteurs
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui 7/11/2021
Ahmed Balafrej est plus qu’une simple personnalité politique, c’était un Homme de paroles et d’affection avec un grand sens de l’honneur et des qualités de loyauté devenues obsolètes lors de l’après-indépendance grâce à la Politique Politicienne multipliée par les partis politiques.
Ahmed Balafrej s’est retrouvé face à une opposition, des antagonismes, des manigances et des manipulations continuels comme ce qui est arrivé à Ghandi.
Comment notre famille connaît Ahmed Balafrej, après la mort subite de Mohammed V, il a démissionné d’abord de toutes les fonctions officielles et s’est rapproché de Moulay Hassan II juste pour le protéger lui et le Maroc contre les intérêts étrangers qui tiennent encore le Maroc à travers les descendants de les collaborateurs du protectorat français.
Le Maroc à l’époque de la mort subite de Mohammed V qui était le symbole de la libération du Maroc et le promoteur de la libération des autres nations africaines environnantes qui a ajouté plus d’huile sur le feu allumé par les néo-colonialistes et les nouvelles élites montantes venues de les Kissariates et formé dans les Grandes Ecoles de Bordeaux et de Paris. Un conditionnement social similaire se produit plus tard en Iran avec les Bazaristes et leurs fils en Europe qui sont devenus les dirigeants en tête du Shah.
Ahmed Balafrej a tenté de sauver le Maroc d’une telle sape de l’intérieur et de la répression contre les vrais militants et ceux qui n’acceptaient pas le Nouveau Colonialisme glissant derrière et sous le maquillage démocratique libéral et plus divisé dans les rangs des nationalistes et la montée des multipartisme sans disposer d’un espace démocratique d’actions ou de légitimation. Tous ces changements au sommet d’une société encore meurtrie par plus de 40 ans de divisions et de massacres menés par les occupants coloniaux espagnols et français du Maroc sous le déguisement de Protectorat du Roi alors qu’il s’agissait de la protection de leurs propres intérêts intrinsèques. et ceux qui collaborent avec eux localement. Tous ces scénarios scénarisés dans les Métropoles européennes se sont soldés par le démantèlement de l’Armée Nationale de Libération dans le Nord Rif et dans le Sud Sahara, la condamnation à de lourdes peines de prison de tous les militants encore en quête d’une libération nationale sur le plan économique et financier, l’élimination des résistants purs et durs, l’administration du Maroc par des lois et des actes d’urgence, la disparition des activités politiques, l’exil des personnalités les plus en vue. Les auteurs de ces politiques répressives ont complètement anéanti le mouvement de résistance de libération nationale qui a isolé davantage Ahmed Balafrej en devenant un Lion en cage. Cependant le lion reste un lion, alors ils poussent la pulsion Machevielique au summum du cynisme. Étant donné que ces comploteurs n’ont pas pu rompre le lien et la relation solides entre Ahmed Balafrej et le Trône / Monarchie du Maroc, ils l’attaquent donc au niveau de sa propre émotion qui a fait que ces vagues continuelles de répression se sont poursuivies sans interruption au point qu’il culmine au niveau de l’emprisonnement du propre fils d’Ahmed Balafrej sous la direction et l’orchestration d’une équipe fécirieuse dirigée par l’ex-capitaine de l’armée française coloniale en Italie et en Indochine, qui a été placé derrière Mohammed V comme garde personnel par la Chancellerie française et des services secrets et a été aidé à devenir l’Homme Fort du Maroc, le général Oufkir. Plus à dire à ce sujet ..
Ahmed Balafrej a dû quitter à jamais la scène politique qui devenait dirigée par des scénarios et des réalisateurs et des producteurs faits et adaptés aux besoins de calibrage et de définition des rôles et des fonctions décidés par les grands conglomérats qui ont été la première raison de l’invasion de l’Algérie, de la Tunisie. et le Maroc et le reste de l’Afrique : Plus ca change, plus ca reste la meme chose, le changement des moyens avec la continuite des fins.
plus tard.
Actu Maroc
Rédigé par Amine ATER le Dimanche 24 Avril 2022
C’est un héritage considérable qu’a laissé Ahmed Balafrej au Royaume, résistant de la première heure, sherpa du mouvement national, fondateur de la diplomatie marocaine…
I l y a trente-deux ans s’éteignait Ahmed Balafrej. Résistant de la première heure, fondateur de la première école marocaine non coloniale bilingue, rédacteur historique du manifeste de l’Indépendance, premier secrétaire général du Parti de l’Istiqlal, fondateur et premier rédacteur en chef du quotidien Al Alam, négociateur dans l’ombre de l’indépendance, premier chef de la diplomatie et président du Conseil du premier et unique gouvernement intégralement istiqlalien, Balafrej fait incontestablement partie des Pères fondateurs du Maroc moderne post-colonial.
Parcours académique marquant
Descendant des hornacheros musulmans d’Estrémadure qui trouvèrent refuge à Rabat après la Reconquista en 1610, Ahmed Balafrej est né en 1908, dans la médina de Rabat, dans une famille de notables. Un lignage qui lui permettra d’intégrer l’école des notables de Bab Laâlou, avant d’intégrer le Collège musulman de Rabat qui deviendra le lycée Moulay Youssef où il poursuit des études secondaires. Protectorat oblige, il se voit obligé de s’exiler tôt en France pour décrocher son baccalauréat au Lycée Henri-IV de Paris.
Une fois le précieux sésame décroché, il s’établit au Caire en 1927 où il approfondit ses études arabes sur les bancs de l’Université Fouad Ier du Caire, avant de revenir à Paris où il rejoint la Sorbonne pour y décrocher une licence ès lettres et un diplôme de sciences politiques entre 1928 et 1932. Une période charnière pour Balafrej où il construit sa conscience nationale et pose la base de son engagement futur. Balafrej fonde dès 1926 la Société des amis de la vérité à Rabat, un club de débat politique qui fera partie des premières organisations nationalistes du Royaume.
Une année plus tard, il participera à la création à Paris de l’Association des étudiants musulmans nordafricains en France (AEMNAF) avec Mohamed Hassan Ouazzani. Ils y seront rejoints par la suite par d’autres figures emblématiques comme Mohamed El Fassi et Abdelkhalek Torres. A l’image d’un bon nombre de militants pour l’indépendance, l’épisode du Dahir berbère en 1930 représente un point de bascule pour Ahmed Balafrej. Bien qu’établi en France au moment des faits, il profitera justement de cet éloignement pour servir de porte-voix à l’international du mouvement de protestation qui battait son plein au Maroc, notamment dans les mosquées.
Diplomate officieux
En plus de représenter l’une de ses premières actions diplomatiques, cet épisode lui permettra d’entrer en contact avec l’émir Chekib Arsalan, figure emblématique de la Nahda établit en Suisse. Le courant passe tout de suite entre le jeune militant marocain et l’émir druze, qui se lieront d’amitié. Arsalan devient rapidement l’un des principaux soutiens à l’international du mouvement de protestation contre le Dahir berbère et l’un des architectes de l’union entre nationalistes des zones Nord et Sud du Royaume. Balafrej crée dans la foulée, avec Mohamed Lyazidi, la section rbatie du Comité d’action marocain (CAM). Le CAM qui regroupe des jeunes nationalistes urbains sera le noyau du futur mouvement nationaliste marocain.
Il devient secrétaire général du réseau du CAM en février 1937, avant son interdiction par les autorités coloniales quelques mois plus tard. Une réaction du protectorat qui n’empêche pas Balafrej d’organiser, en avril de la même année, le congrès clandestin du « Parti National ». 1937 représente, par ailleurs, l’année où la rupture totale sera consommée entre protectorat et nationalistes. Ces derniers visent dorénavant la fin de l’occupation étrangère et l’indépendance totale du Royaume et abandonnent l’option d’un partage du pouvoir avec les autorités coloniales, notamment suite à l’arrestation et le bannissement de cadres du mouvement, à l’image de l’exil forcé de Allal El Fassi au Gabon durant 9 ans.
Deux années plus tard, le déclenchement de la Seconde guerre mondiale puis l’effondrement de la France devant le Blitzkrieg allemand en 1940 viennent balayer le statu quo et ébranler considérablement l’équilibre des puissances coloniales. Etabli à Tanger durant la Bataille de France, il assiste à l’invasion de la ville sous statut international par le régime franquiste qui profite du chaos en Europe pour compléter le contrôle sur la côte méditerranéenne en juin 1940. Celui qui sera le futur ministre des Affaires étrangères s’oppose très tôt à toute alliance avec le régime nazi.
Quatre ans plus tard, voyant venir le mouvement de décolonisation et la fin de l’ère des empires, Balafrej passe à l’action et rédige le Manifeste de l’indépendance qui sera signé le 11 janvier 1944 par 67 autres leaders nationalistes. Un événement historique qui représente l’acte fondateur du Parti de l’Istiqlal dont Balafrej devient le premier secrétaire général. Soumis dans la foulée au Sultan Mohammed V, le Manifeste entraînera son arrestation par les autorités coloniales, puis son envoi en exil en Corse en mai 1944.
Il sera amnistié à la fin de la guerre et sera autorisé à rentrer au Maroc en juin 1946. Trois mois plus tard, il fonde le quotidien Al Alam, dont il est le premier rédacteur en chef. Une année plus tard, il reprend son bâton de pèlerin, s’installe à Madrid d’où il défend la cause de l’indépendance en menant une campagne diplomatique aux Etats Unis, en Suisse, en France et en Espagne.
L’un de ses principaux faits d’arme reste la mise en place du « Bureau marocain d’Information et de Documentation » à New York. Cette antenne américaine permettra à Balafrej de mettre en oeuvre un intense effort de lobbying pour convaincre Washington de pousser Paris et Madrid à abandonner leur protectorat. L’un des principaux défis qu’a su relever avec brio le diplomate officieux est de convaincre les autorités américaines des capacités d’un pouvoir marocain indépendant à défendre leurs intérêts dans le détroit de Gibraltar, en pleine guerre froide.
Long live Pakistan 🇵🇰 ❤ 🇲🇦 Morocco brotherhood !
When Morocco was under the French authority and striving for independence, Sultan Muhammad (V) sent Ahmed Balafrej to the United States to address the UN Security Council. However, French delegates refused to let him speak, claiming that Morocco is a French colony.
Pakistan’s Foreign Minister Sir Zafaullah Khan immediately opened the Pakistani embassy in the United States at night and offered Bulferg Pakistani nationality.
He issued him a Pakistani passport, allowing him to address the UN Security Council as a Pakistani citizen in favor of Morocco the following day. This encouraged the Moroccan independence movement both globally and at home. Finally, after Morocco won independence in 1956, he served as Prime Minister of Morocco between May 12, 1958, and December 2, 1958, and he proudly displayed his framed Pakistani passport in his office, telling all guests about the importance the passport played in Morocco’s liberation.
Apart from Morocco 25 Pakistan played a similar role in Algeria’s interdependence. Ahmed Balafrej was a significant to independence of Morocco who later became Prime Minister of Morocco. He framed his Pakistani Passport in his office. Pakistani Passport of Ahmad Balafrej
Majid Rafiq @majidnext · Dec 12, 2022
Pakistan’s role in the Independence of Morocco In 1952 when Morocco was under French rule and they were fighting for their independence, Sultan Muhammad 5th sent Ahmed Balafrej to US to address UN Security Council.
We were honored by the visit of M.Anis Balafrej. I presented him with a copy of the same Pakistani diplomatic passport issued to his father Mr Ahmed Balafrej in 1952.Long live Pak-Morocco friendship and cooperation!The Embassy in Rabat is located on the Avenue that bears his name
A l’indépendance, c’est tout naturellement qu’il devient le premier ministre des Affaires étrangères du Royaume. Fondateur de la diplomatie marocaine, il commence par dissocier le MAE de toute influence du Quai d’Orsay avec la signature de la convention franco-marocaine du 20 mai 1956. Balafrej sera également à la manoeuvre lors des tractations pour la libération de Tarfaya et le retour de Tanger sous souveraineté marocaine.
Le défi de l’indépendance
Il s’attelle par la suite à la création du réseau d’ambassades et de consulats marocains et à intégrer le Royaume dans les grandes organisations internationales (ONU, Ligue des Etats Arabes et Organisation de l’Unité Africaine) en juillet 1956. Deux ans plus tard, il succède à M’barek Bekkaï, en tant que Président du Conseil et dirige le premier et unique gouvernement 100% istiqlalien. Jusqu’à sa démission en décembre 1958, il redouble d’effort pour poser les bases d’une monarchie constitutionnelle au Maroc.
Après un passage à vide, il revient à la tête du MAE en 1962 avant d’être nommé de 1963 à 1972 représentant personnel du Roi. À la suite de l’arrestation de l’un de ses enfants sur ordre du Général Oufkir en 1972, Ahmed Balafrej démissionne de l’ensemble de ses fonctions officielles et se retire de la vie politique, avant de s’éteindre en mai 1990 à Rabat.
On November 14, President Biden and President Xi Jinping will participate in the G20 meeting in Bali, Indonesia, and hold talks during this period.
After the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States, President Biden should be the one with the most contacts with Chinese leaders among American leaders. The New York Times reported , “The two met at least eight times in the U.S. and China in the 18 months beginning in early 2011, according to former U.S. officials. They held formal meetings, took walks together, and attended a rural Chinese school. Eating together privately for more than 25 hours with only an interpreter.”
For example, on June 30, 2011, Xi Jinping and Biden ” meet again ” in Italy and exchanged views on issues of common concern such as Sino-US relations. Xi Jinping pointed out, “China and the United States share extensive common interests and shoulder important common responsibilities. The development of Sino-US relations is in the interests of both sides and is also beneficial to the world. In the late 1970s a rising China is a positive Progress reflects the vision of a statesman. Since President Obama took office, you have pursued a positive China policy with him and contributed to the expansion of dialogue, exchanges and cooperation between the two countries.”
Biden expressed his agreement with Xi Jinping’s views on China-US relations. He said the U.S.-China relationship is the most important bilateral relationship for the United States. The United States believes that China is an important factor in the stable development of the world. China’s success is in the interests of the United States, and mutual benefit and win-win results can be achieved between the United States and China.
On August 18, 2011, Vice President Biden visited China, and Xi Jinping held talks with him in the Great Hall of the People. Xi Jinping said : “Vice President Biden has long been committed to promoting Sino-US relations, and believes that China’s success, stability and prosperity are beneficial to both countries and the world. I appreciate this. I also believe that under the new situation, China and the United States will with broader common interests, they also have to shoulder more important common responsibilities. The strengthening of cooperation between China and the United States is in line with the common expectations of the two countries and the people of the world. China is willing to work with the United States to make common contributions to the development of the two great countries of China and the United States. Work hard.”
Biden said that he has always admired China’s long history and culture and the important contributions made by the Chinese people over the centuries. Since 1979, China has made more progress than at any time in history. The United States wants to build a closer relationship with China, a relationship of great importance to both countries. After that, Xi Jinping accompanied Biden to visit Sichuan .
On February 14, 2012, Xi Jinping visited the United States as Vice President, and Biden was the host. The two held talks at the White House that day . Xi Jinping pointed out, “In the process of building the China-US cooperative partnership, various problems and challenges will be encountered from time to time. Both sides should have full confidence, lasting perseverance, and always grasp the main line of common interests, and not let contradictions and differences be allowed. The overall situation of China-U.S. relations will be affected, and we must join hands to blaze a new path of harmonious coexistence, healthy competition, and win-win cooperation among major powers.”
Biden said, “U.S.-China relations are one of the most important bilateral relations in the world. The importance has attracted worldwide attention. The Obama administration team has always been committed to strengthening relations with China, and believes that a prosperous, stable and growing China is beneficial to both the United States and China, and the world. Containing China is not a US policy and is neither desirable , is not feasible.”
On December 4, 2013, Xi Jinping met with visiting Biden again in Beijing . Xi Jinping told Biden, “The world today is not peaceful. China and the United States have common responsibilities in maintaining world peace and stability and promoting human development and progress. Strengthening dialogue and cooperation is the only correct choice for the two countries. Both sides should firmly grasp the correctness of bilateral relations. The direction will remain unshakable, respect each other’s core interests and major concerns, actively expand practical cooperation, properly handle sensitive issues and differences, and ensure the continued, healthy and stable development of China-US relations.
The decision to comprehensively deepen the reform is impressive, and I believe that under the leadership of President Xi Jinping, the Chinese people will surely reach new heights in the process of building a great and powerful country. It is entirely in the interest of the United States to maintain China’s development. The U.S. side is willing to work with the Chinese side to improve various mechanisms, maintain regular dialogues and exchanges, strengthen practical cooperation, strengthen exchanges and cooperation between the two militaries, manage and control differences in a constructive way, eliminate all kinds of interference, and prevent them from affecting the overall relationship between the two countries. “
During President Xi Jinping’s state visit to the United States in September 2015, Vice President Biden held a large reception for him on the seventh floor of the US State Department.
On January 18, 2017, President Xi Jinping met with outgoing Vice President Biden at the Davos Forum in Switzerland . Biden conveyed President Obama’s sincere greetings to President Xi Jinping and thanked President Xi Jinping for his positive efforts to promote the development of US-China relations. Biden said the U.S.-China relationship is an extremely important bilateral relationship. In the 21st century, the growth and prosperity of both the United States and China is critical to the world. The US hopes that the US and China can continue to deepen mutual trust and expand cooperation.
Xi Jinping spoke positively of Biden’s contribution to promoting China-US relations and mutual understanding and friendship between the two peoples, and asked Biden to convey his best wishes to President Obama. Xi Jinping also said that over the past three years, with the joint efforts of both sides, China-US relations have developed in the right direction and achieved important and positive results. Bilateral trade, two-way investment stock and personnel exchanges between the two countries have all hit record highs.
After taking office in 2021, Biden has had five video or phone calls with Xi.
On November 16, 2021, Xi Jinping and Biden held a video summit . The two sides had full and in-depth communication and exchanges on strategic, overall and fundamental issues related to the development of China-US relations, as well as important issues of mutual concern. Xi Jinping told Biden that China and the U.S. should focus on four priorities:
First, demonstrate the responsibility of major powers and lead the international community to cooperate in addressing outstanding challenges.
The second is to promote exchanges at all levels and in various fields in the spirit of equality and mutual benefit, so as to stimulate more positive energy into China-US relations.
The third is to manage differences and sensitive issues in a constructive manner to prevent China-US relations from derailing and out of control.
Fourth, strengthen coordination and cooperation on major international and regional hotspot issues to provide more public goods to the world.
On November 14, the “Xi Visiting Meeting” attracted worldwide attention.
Biden said at a Nov. 10 press conference that he would “have a dialogue” with Xi over the Taiwan Strait, while reiterating that the U.S. policy toward Taiwan “has not changed at all.” White House officials also said the summit will also discuss the war in Ukraine, North Korea’s recent missile and nuclear activities, efforts to combat climate change and other topics the two sides may be able to work on.
A spokesperson for the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs said, “The steady development of Sino-US relations is in the interests of both sides and is also the expectation of all countries in the world. We hope that the US side will work with China in the spirit of mutual respect, and play a responsible role in maintaining world stability and development. effect.”
What’s the point of this meeting?
First of all, this is the reunion of old friends, not the first time strangers have met. However, during their past interactions and today’s reunion, Sino-US relations have been turned upside down. As they have mixed feelings, they wonder if they will reflect on their respective responsibilities for the declining bilateral relationship.
Secondly, this “encounter” happened after a major domestic event just experienced by the two countries, as well as China’s “20th National Congress” and the mid-term elections in the United States. With the Democratic Party continuing to govern, the two leaders probably have the feeling of “the spring breeze and horseshoe disease”. In a good mood, it may be easier to talk about something specific.
Third, although from February 2021 to July 2022, the two leaders will have contact every quarter on average, but because they are not face-to-face, they may not know the other’s true view of the bilateral relationship at all. This meeting is their best chance to “exchange cards” or “draw the red line.” They can and must “talk heart to heart” and “give heart to heart” instead of scripting.
Fourth, Biden is the US president who is most familiar with the historical evolution of the Taiwan issue since Nixon’s visit to China 50 years ago, and who has expressed the most resolute stance on US involvement in the Taiwan Strait conflict. At the same time, Biden has always emphasized that the United States does not seek conflict with China and should add guardrails to China-US competition. Chinese leaders can ask Biden in person to make a clear statement on the bottom line of the US on the Taiwan Strait issue, because for China, the involvement of external forces in the great cause of reunification across the strait means war. For Biden, he could also get Chinese leaders to explain how Beijing will advance the shared values of humanity at home and abroad.
Finally, after reaching a certain degree of consensus on the Taiwan Strait issue, the two leaders should discuss whether they can implement the three certainties of bilateral relations proposed by China , namely, that China and the United States must coexist peacefully, grow rich together and tackle global challenges together. These three certainties are fundamentally different from the “can cooperate, dare to compete, and not afraid of conflict” proposed by the United States. If China insists that bilateral cooperation must be premised on Washington’s abandonment of containment, and the United States believes that cooperation, competition and containment can go hand in hand, the currently out-of-control bilateral relationship will continue to deteriorate and may slide into armed conflict. After the summit, the two leaders should appoint their respective envoys to hold regular or irregular talks on how China and the United States will meet each other in the next few years, and confirm the date of the next summit.
Relatively speaking, China will not undergo much policy changes in the next five years, and the United States will have another election to confirm the next president in two years. Therefore, the next two years will be a decisive period for stabilizing bilateral relations, safeguarding Indo-Pacific peace, and promoting global development.
The Bali summit is the beginning of the two major countries to demonstrate their responsible demeanor.
Costa Rica is China ‘s second largest trading partner in Central America while China is the second largest trading partner of Costa Rica . In recent years, bilateral trade between the two countries has grown rapidly. In June 2007, China and Costa Rica established diplomatic relations. In November 2008, Chinese President Hu Jintao visited Costa Rica and announced with Costa Rican President Oscar Arias the launch of China-Costa Rica free trade negotiations.
Since 2007, however, the international context has changed. Despite the deeply intertwined nature of the U.S. and Chinese economies, relations between the two countries have deteriorated, and there is a growing consensus within the U.S. political class that China represents — in both business and military terms — a “threat.”
19 June, 2021
Despite U.S. Pressure, China’s Presence in Central America is Growing
The establishment of diplomatic relations between Costa Rica and the People’s Republic of China in 2007 marked a turning point for the Asian power’s involvement in the region. Prior to the shift, every country in Central America had maintained ties with Taiwan, and the move took place within the context of an ongoing diplomatic battle between Beijing and Taipei. At the time, the change did not provoke an angry reaction on the part of the United States, which itself has maintained close relations with Beijing for decades.
Since 2007, however, the international context has changed. Despite the deeply intertwined nature of the U.S. and Chinese economies, relations between the two countries have deteriorated, and there is a growing consensus within the U.S. political class that China represents — in both business and military terms — a “threat.”
China’s engagement with the world is manifold, and differs according to a given region’s resources and opportunities. Evan Ellis, a research professor at the U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, with expertise in Chinese-Latin American relations, explains that, “in general…China’s pursuits in Latin America and the Caribbean are remarkably consistent with what it seeks globally: secure sources of commodities and foodstuffs, reliable access to markets for its goods[,] services, [and] strategic technologies.”
Beijing has waged a diplomatic battle against Taiwan vis-à-vis Central America, but China’s main interest in the region is geo-economic. On top of its strategic military value, geography has lent the isthmus an economic value as well, thanks to its proximity to the United States — its access to the Gulf of Mexico and its status as the “backyard” of the United States, or, in Ronald Reagan’s term, its “soft belly.” The region’s geographic position has meant that it has become a global communications and transportation hub. It is a key maritime and air traffic corridor — a bridge between two great oceans, and between the northern and southern subcontinents of the Americas. Ports, airports, multimodal transport platforms and the construction of roads are all important to the United States, but also to China, a rising global superpower.
Central America may not have the lure of Chile’s copper reserves, or Venezuela’s oil deposits, or Peru’s iron lodes, but it is a key trade corridor for Chinese access to the east coast of the United States.
As the global rivalry between the United States and China escalates, reactions to the region’s relationship with Beijing are changing. When Costa Rica established ties with China, there was no reaction from Washington, but the establishment of Chinese relations with Panama, the Dominican Republic, and El Salvador have prompted calls for U.S. diplomatic consultations in all three countries.
In January 2020 U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo cautioned Costa Rica against Chinese promises, which, he said, “have often produced only debt, dependency, and even the erosion of sovereignty from some nations.” During a recent visit to El Salvador, President Biden’s special envoy to Central America, Ricardo Zúñiga, expressed concerns over the Bukele administration’s rapprochement with China — a confirmation of the U.S. political class’s growing worries over China’s presence in the region.
Even without considering the concerns of U.S. officials, and despite the fact that Honduras, Nicaragua, and Guatemala do not maintain diplomatic relations with China (even though Chinese businesses operate in Guatemala and Honduras), the increase in Chinese activity in the region is nevertheless a noteworthy development.
Chinese Relationships in Central America
Chinese involvement in Panama pre-dates the establishment of diplomatic relations. Hutchinson-Whampoa, a Chinese company based in Hong Kong, was involved in container transport operations there, and when Panamanian President Juan Carlos Varela started developing closer ties with Beijing, relations between the two countries advanced rapidly. Panama agreed to join China’s massive “Belt and Road” global infrastructure project, and President Xi Jinping visited Panama in 2018. Since 2001, trade between the two countries has grown by a factor of 22.
Conversations regarding a Chinese-Panamanian free trade agreement have stalled, however, as have Chinese investment projects in general. Chinese companies involved in copper extraction in Panama have pulled out of the country. Construction of a new shipping port is incomplete, and investments in electricity have slowed, as have various water management projects, including the construction of a fourth set of canal locks. Under the administration of Laurentino Cortizo, projects of interest to China have failed to materialize.
In response to warnings from the United States, the Cortizo government, in power since 2019, is putting the brakes on developing more ties with China. On a visit to Panama in October 2018, Pompeo warned Varela of the dangers posed by the Asian superpower, but the prospect of Panama backtracking on its diplomatic relations with China and recognizing Taiwan is highly unlikely. China will continue to invest in and trade with Panama.
Chinese companies are currently constructing a fourth bridge over the Panama Canal, and despite opposition, the government is set to renew its contract with Hutchinson for operation of the ports. The construction of a new convention center financed and built by China is already complete, and Chinese technology companies Huawei and ZTE continue to provide equipment for Panama’s telecommunications service providers, as well as for “safe city” surveillance systems in the port of Colón. The Chinese government’s global educational partnership program, known as the Confucius Institute, has a program at the University of Panama, and more than 200 Panamanian students have received scholarships to study in China.
Costa Rica’s relationship with China took off in 2007, when ex-president Óscar Arias severed ties with Taiwan after China agreed to purchase $300 million in Costa Rican debt. As a further token of appreciation, the Chinese government spent over $100 million building a new national sports stadium in San Juan, and the countries entered into a free trade agreement. This was followed by visits from presidents Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping, the donation of a new building to house Costa Rica’s National Police Academy, and donation of two of police surveillance airplanes. In February 2021, the Chinese government gifted millions more in motorcycles, body armor, and other security equipment to Costa Rican police. The Confucius Institute is active in the country as well, operating out of the University of Costa Rica.
Relations between China and Costa Rica have remained cordial, but the last two Costa Rican administrations have begun cooling ties in light of U.S. warnings. During a 2020 visit by Pompeo, the U.S. ambassador criticized Chinese road construction projects in the country.
But the relationship has been a positive one for both countries, and follows China’s pattern of relationship building with the developing world more broadly: gifts, coupled with an opening of local markets to Chinese exports. Today, China continues to import Costa Rican pineapples and beef, and Costa Rica recently purchased several Chinese passenger trains. In 2020, 2% of Costa Rica’s exports and 14% of its imports were with China.
Despite these cordial ties and trade benefits, the Chinese company responsible for expanding and modernizing Highway 32 in Costa Rica has yet to finish construction, due to design errors and delays in property expropriations. The proposal to create special economic zones has not seen any progress, and a project to upgrade the state oil refinery has drowned in a sea of corruption accusations. On the diplomatic front, the administration of Carlos Alvarado, plagued by its own internal problems, has neglected to strengthen ties with Beijing: the President has not travelled to China, and has not received any visits from any high-level Chinese officials.
Diplomatic relations, however, will remain unchanged. Costa Rica is valuable to the Chinese, and despite any logistical difficulties, trade will continue to grow. Infrastructure and technology projects may cause concern in the United States, so Costa Rica will have to work toward finding a balance.
Bukele Pivots to Beijing
In El Salvador, on the other hand, the turn toward China has been significant. In the face of criticism from Washington for his authoritarian maneuvers (ousting several constitutional judges as well as the Attorney General), and with the publication by the U.S. State Department of a list of corrupt Central American officials, which included members of Bukele’s government, the President has moved to strengthen ties with China, and during the new U.S. administration’s first visit to the country, he refused to meet with President Biden’s special envoy. Bukele has also engaged in vaccine diplomacy with the Asian power, thanking President Xi Jinping for helping El Salvador acquire 500,000 doses of Covid-19 vaccines from Chinese drugmaker Sinovac Biotech.
Critics of Bukele have denounced Chinese “interference,” prompting the Chinese Embassy to assert that their aid is not tied to geopolitical interests, and that they have never used foreign assistance to interfere with the internal affairs of another country.
The day after the U.S. government published the list of corrupt Central American officials, the Bukelista majority in the Salvadoran Legislative Assembly rushed through the ratification of a 2019 cooperation agreement with China. According to an announcement delivered by Bukele himself, the agreement will deliver $500 million in Chinese financing for mega-projects, including a national stadium, a national library, a water treatment plant in Lake Ilopango, tourism infrastructure, the restoration of an archaeological site, and the renovation and expansion of the port of La Libertad.
Salvadoran exports jumped to $85.5 million following the establishment of diplomatic ties with China in 2018, but in 2019 that figure dropped to $51.9 million; that same year, Chinese imports to El Salvador rose to $1.723 billion.
Additionally, as in Panama and Costa Rica, El Salvador has welcomed the Confucius Institute, which operates out of the national university in San Salvador.
China continues to increase its presence in Central America, as warnings from the United States intensify. The situation in the isthmus will continue to be one of competition rather than confrontation, but the United States will also continue with its nineteenth century Monroe Doctrine approach to the region, pushing back against extra-continental insertions into its zone of influence.
Lawyer, political scientist and professor at the Univ. of Costa Rica. Higher Degree in Political Studies, Univ. of Bordeaux I. PhD in Political Sociology, Univ. of Paris.
El establecimiento de las relaciones diplomáticas de Costa Rica con China, en 2007, marcó un hito en la relación de la potencia asiática con la región. Sin embargo, el acontecimiento no provocó reacciones airadas por parte de los Estados Unido.
The installation of a space communications base of the People’s Republic of China in Neuquén, Argentina, in 2017 operated by military personnel , is a sign that the Asian power will cautiously build military facilities on foreign soil when strategic needs require it.
The Chinese military component in support of economic expansion led by Chinese state-owned companies has proceeded cautiously for a long time. But some experts have anticipated the imminent establishment of a base by the Popular Liberation Army (EPL) in Panama , since the Chinese company Hutchison Whampoa won concessions to operate two ports there in 1999 , or in El Salvador , since the announcement of Chinese plans for a megaproject in La Union .
Due to China’s reliance on established powers like the United States and the European Union for access to markets and technology, the Asian country has generally avoided establishing alliances and formal military bases, particularly in regions of the world such as the Western Hemisphere. and in areas where the United States is sensitive to the Chinese presence and where the PLA does not yet have the capacity to effectively defend such bases.
However, in its 2015 and 2019 White Papers on defense strategy, the Chinese military explicitly recognizes the importance of global military engagement in support of China’s growing commercial presence in the world. The counter-piracy operations of the PLA Navy off the coast of Africa since 2009 , and the establishment in 2017 of a military base in Djibouti , strategically located in the vicinity of the Suez Canal, are an example of the tendency of the Chinese army to expand its armed forces abroad.
The Chinese strategic advance in Argentina
In addition to the space communications base in Neuquén, China currently has an interest in building and possibly operating an Antarctic “logistics base” in Ushuaia , in the far south of Argentina. This raises concern because it is very consistent with the logic and pattern of the PLA’s advance in expanding its global strategic reach. The project would cost 300 million dollars and could in principle be financed by China . Although as the then head of the United States Southern Command, Admiral Craig Faller pointed out when visiting the area , the question is who operates it .
In commercial terms, the Chinese deep-sea fishing fleet maintains a regular presence in the nearby waters of the South Atlantic, and sometimes within Argentina’s Exclusive Economic Zone. Regarding oil and minerals, although China has technically been a signatory since 1983 of the 1959 Antarctic Treaty that prohibits territorial claims on the continent, and as a consequence, its commercial exploitation, the treaty becomes modifiable in 2048 . In fact, in October 2021, at the G20 meeting in Rome, the Foreign Ministers of Argentina and China signed a cooperation agreement for the exploitation of the Antarctic region and the surrounding oceans .
In 2013, a Chinese naval task force that included two Navy missile frigates traveled to the region and conducted military exercises with their counterparts from Chile, before passing through the difficult waters of the Strait of Magellan , and then making port calls. both in Argentina and Brazil. The PLA Navy’s Xue Long II icebreaker made its first voyage to Antarctica in November 2019 and is also in talks with Chile to access Punta Arenas to support the resupply of its Antarctic bases from there.
The construction and operation of a polar logistics base in Ushuaia fits the pattern of the Chinese Navy to expand its global presence in multiple ways. First, such a base would support China’s access to an area of interest. As with China’s base in Djibouti, establishing an ostensibly commercial facility in the far south of Argentina would give the PLA plausible deniability of its military intentions. The impact on the United States would also be limited by its distance from this country, and would have the advantage of being carried out in an area where China already has a significant commercial and strategic presence .
What are the implications of the Chinese military presence in Latin America?
For now, the Argentine government has tried to give assurances that it is not moving forward with setting up a Chinese-controlled base in Ushuaia, but the strategic implications of such a presence should not be taken lightly. From a strategic point of view, the prospect of China controlling transit from the Atlantic to the Pacific through the Strait of Magellan or Drake Passage in times of conflict would be important, particularly if the power could close the Panama Canal in the context of a war like the one potentially unleashed by his attempt to forcibly incorporate Taiwan.
For the British, China’s presence would add to the threat posed by Argentina to the Falkland/Malvinas Islands, heightened by Argentina’s scheduled acquisition of Chinese FC-1 fighter jets .
The apparent pause in the incorporation of China to the planned base in Ushuaia does not represent the end of the threat as long as the PLA’s naval power projection capabilities continue to grow and as long as the Argentine government continues to strengthen its ties with China in commercial, financial and commercial terms. politicians. The area known as the “end of the world” may be geographically far from Washington, but the impact on the United States and the region of the decisions made there regarding China is not minor.
* Column initially published on the REDCAEM website .
Professor and researcher on Latin America at the US Army War College Strategic Studies Institute. Member of the China and Latin America Network: Multidisciplinary Approaches (REDCAEM).
interdependence. Ahmed Balafrej was a significant to independence of Morocco who later became Prime Minister of Morocco. He framed his Pakistani Passport in his office. Pakistani Passport of Ahmad Balafrej 
role in the Independence of Morocco 
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