Malawi is a landlocked country in southern Africa , sharing its borders with Mozambique, Zambia, and Tanzania. The country’s estimated population is 20.41 million (2022) with an annual growth rate of 2.6%, and a wealth of natural resources. However, Malawi remains one of the poorest countries in the world despite making significant economic and structural reforms to sustain economic growth. The economy is heavily dependent on agriculture, which employs over 80% of the population, and it is vulnerable to external shocks, particularly climatic shocks.
The government of Malawi has been actively promoting foreign investment and has implemented policies to make the investment process more efficient. In January 2021, the government launched the Malawi 2063 Vision that aims to transform Malawi into a wealthy, self-reliant, industrialized upper-middle-income country, through a focus on agriculture commercialization, industrialization, and urbanization. The first 10-year implementation plan anchors the World Bank’s Country Partnership Framework (CPF) FY21- FY25.
The country’s strategic location and access to the African market make it an attractive destination for investors looking to tap into the continent’s potential.
Investment opportunities in Malawi include the agriculture, mining, and tourism sectors. Agriculture is the mainstay of Malawi’s economy, with majority of the population relying on it for their livelihoods. There is a growing demand for food in the country and the region, making it an attractive sector for investors. The mining sector, although relatively small, has the potential to grow in the future with the discovery of coal and other minerals. The tourism sector is also a promising area of investment, with the country home to beautiful lakes, national parks, and a rich cultural heritage.
Malawi is a landlocked country in southern Africa with a growing economy and a wealth of natural resources. The Malawi government actively encourages foreign investment and has implemented policies to make the investment process more efficient. The country’s strategic location and its access to the African market make it an attractive destination for investors seeking to exploit the continent’s potential.
Investment opportunities in Malawi include the agriculture, mining and tourism sectors. Agriculture is the mainstay of Malawi’s economy and the majority of the population depends on it for their livelihood. There is a growing demand for food products in the country and the region, making it an attractive sector for investors. The mining sector, although relatively small, has the potential to grow in the future through the discovery of coal and other minerals. The tourism sector is also a promising investment area, as the country is home to magnificent lakes, national parks and a rich cultural heritage.
Malawi: Buying and Selling
Malawi has been comparatively slow to embrace the internet and e-commerce in general as poor infrastructure and high taxes make internet access prohibitively expensive for the majority of Malawians, resulting in low access rates across the country.
Internet accessData from the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) shows that as of December 2017 Malawi had an internet penetration rate of 9.5%.
E-Commerce, Ecosystem and Market in Malawi
According to a 2017 report issued by the Collaboration on International ICT Policy for East and Southern Africa (Cipesa), Malawi, which has four operational telecommunication service providers, including Airtel and Telekom Networks Malawi (TNM), has the lowest penetration rate for mobile services in southern Africa, only 36%. The service offered can be unreliable, with a weak signal and daily congestion. Call rates are also among the highest in the region.
Dr. Said El Mansour Cherkaoui 9/11/2020 – El Jadida – Morocco – Oakland – California What are the prominent hurdles and hindrances for the Integration of Africa through Ecommerce and Digital Business ★ Inadequate terrestrial broadband backbone ★ High costs of broadband access (last-mile) limit growth of the cloud-computing market ★ Poor quality of service…Continue Reading →
Continuously updated with new inputs and trends For Better or Worse Emergent Technologies Changing Africa! Are these efforts going to increase the use of Information Communication Technologies and develop broadband penetration in Africa? Will technology increase the divide or help to integrate Africa? What are the Destiny and the Reality of the Technology in the…Continue Reading →
A national fibre backbone is nearing completion, while the country recently gained access to international submarine fibre optic cables via a transit link from neighbouring countries.
The most popular web search engines in Malawi are Google (93.3%), Bing and Yahoo (5.5% and 1.6% respectively).E-commerce marketE-commerce is still in its infancy in Malawi, as the country lacks the ICT and online payment infrastructures necessary to boost this sector.
In UNCTAD’s 2018 B2C E-commerce Index, Malawi ranked 134th out of 151 economies worldwide in terms of e-commerce, and 31st out of 44 African countries.
Recently, banks and mobile network providers have been working to implement m-commerce applications including m-banking, m-shopping, mobile information services, m-marketing and m-health. However, the range of applications is being limited by a number of technical, business and policy challenges. For example, with TNM Mpamba or Airtel Money, Malawians are able to pay water bills, buy prepaid electricity tokens, pay television subscription and buy phone vouchers. Malawi’s e-commerce market offers a small range of goods and services, with Jumia.mw being the biggest marketplace.
Main social networks used in the country are Facebook (with an estimated 720,000 users as of December 2017, a 3.8% penetration rate), Pinterest, Twitter and YouTube; while Whatsapp is the main instant messaging app.
Malawi’s Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs, Sosten Alfred Gwengwe, said during the project will contribute to Malawi’s long-term objective of inclusive wealth creation supported by an inclusive financial system and digital economy.
The African Development Bank Country Manager for Malawi, Macmillan Anyanwu, said the signing was an important step towards promoting the use of electronic transactions in #Malawi to increase access to affordable financial services, particularly amongst women, youth, and rural dwellers. “The project will also enable more efficient business transactions, offering small businesses the opportunity to gain access to new markets,” he said.
It seems like Digitization of Africa is an exclusive space for the African Development Bank and the World Bank giving the major realizations are conducted and promoted by them in their respective presentation such as the following:
Digital investments and reforms are being scaled up significantly and will support African countries in accelerating their digital transformation. The three main priorities moving forward are:
The World Bank is actively supporting digitalization initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa, using both existing and future digital infrastructure to ensure that digital technologies better meet the needs of people, households, and firms, and strengthening a virtuous cycle of technology-led transformation.
Accelerating affordable broadband for all by closing the access gap through sector reforms and catalytic investments in connecting rural/remote areas, schools, clinics, and community centers, and addressing the usage and inclusion gaps to include affordability, devices, gender and inclusion, and digital literacy.
Scaling up inclusive and safe DPI through investments in digital ID, payment systems, and data sharing; strengthening trust and resilience through improved cloud services, data protection, and cybersecurity; and facilitating high-impact digital services (e.g., financial services, tax declaration, agriculture, e-health, and cash transfers)
Building in-demand digital job skills for digitally enabled industries and developing local information technology industry, content, and support services.
Dear Members Stakeholders and Investors in our Group:
“If at first you don’t succeed, try, try again”
“They Try, Try and Try Again to Burry Us but they Forget that We Are Seeds in Our Land”
“What didn’t you do to bury me but you forgot that I was a seed”
This quote attributed to Greek poet Dinos Christianopoulos.
This a call to rise up in the face of persecution.
Those who are being persecuted will prevail, no matter how much hatred, ignorance, or terrorism is used. To be continued …
24 – TWENTY-FOUR IN THE MAKING!
Within such competitive and agressive environment we live in and before the end of this year, we are sharing here with you the analytics of your Group to make you aware of your involvement and responsibility in keeping it going and reinvigorating new energies and stimulus packages for the new coming fast year of 2024.
I am Born Again
The House I was born in was built in 1924 in Mazagan – El Jadida, Morocco.
My father Moulay Ahmed Cherkaoui choose the number 24 gavee it to this New Stone built house as an address.
The first ancestor of the Zawiya Cherkaoui, the one who built Boujad and who is the first one to set foot on the blessed ground of Morocco brought with him the Memories of 24 ancestors that traced him and linked him and existed between him and Omar Ibn Khattab, a native of the other blessed land of prophets.
Today we are in California and we are 324 members of this Group of African Moroccan Diaspora – World-Class Executives Including Karim Basrire and 130 other connections
TOP of OUR PUBLICATIONS:
A week ago, I published this article, and here are the results of readership:
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Ph.D. reposted this • 1w
Electrifying News for What is Next for Nexans in Morocco.
Read more in this article:…show more
5,271 Impressions
YES, we are a group of 324 members but some of our publications reach more than 5,271 readers like you.
WHERE ARE THEY COMING FROM?
I look under the carpet, even the flying carpet jets, but no one was there.
So we need to find them and welcome them as Real Members not just visiting GHOST MEMBERS, we are talking about our REAL MEMBERS.
LITTLE HELP FROM MY FRIEND AND MEMBER
WHY DON’T YOU INVITE MINIMUM 10 GUESTS TO OUR GROUP:
ACT AS WORLD-CLASS EXECUTIVES!
That is one of the roles for each member of our Group, you can put some meaning and drive to try to invite a minimum of 10 GUESTS to become Members of our Group:
Today I am sharing with you, first some Crypto analysis given that these Virtual Assets has made a lot of wave up to Congress, the Wall Street, and even Ms. Christine Lagarde is talking about the Euro Crystal Ball in the Ivory and Crystal Palace of the European Central Bank is trying to Roll the Dices and to Make a Snowball with her Foraminous Declarations about the Inflation and how she is good at playing with rates, rats, and rabbits out the hat, her magic in giving low rates of inflation that never materialized and now she found Crypto as the new drive toward controlling the inflation of money and prices.
Ms. Christine Lagarde is the Guardian that I call Ms. 2% Inflation of Discourses.
All these monetary and financial policies with their interest rate are like chameleons changing the color of the money, with the changing color of the sky, and changing direction with the weather which are more an adaptation to climate change than to the business climate. The European Central Bank is also a Dollar-driven camel transporting the value of the dollar and trying to stick it to all the transactions that are vehicular for the sanctions against Russia.
Second, Africa in its quest to increase its revenue to face its budgetary deficits, its increase of public debt, and the rising prices of its imports, needs to consider establishing a unique African-focused monetary denomination and evaluation of its own production, natural resources, or manufactured goods as well as the payment of its rising interests and reduce the impact of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank more interested in generating and receiving the servicing of the debt without any concerns for the disastrous consequences of their recommendations and their therapy that has been continuously imposed to African countries since the early years of its independence. These International Financial Institutions continue up to this day to dictate conditions that are more an ignition of social turmoils, social discordance, and political upheavals as well as coup d’etat and losses of life.
So Africa needs to consider creating and trying Virtual Money that is regulated and integrated into the national banking, financial, and monetary legal frame of the members of the African Union.
More details will be given in additional and other publications.
For the time being, here are my articles that shed light on what to avoid and what to be aware of about the Crypto World and Underground where you need more than the Ariane Thread to get out of such a maze and Dedalus.
To complete my review of this External Debt of Africa and all the cascade of difficulties inherited from such exposure, in this present article and in addition to its inherent analysis, I have included a selection of precedent and relevant articles I wrote on the African Debt and Natural Resources.
This approach of having other sustaining articles will allow a broader view of the imbrications and the cause-effect relationships existing between the increase of the external debt and the reduction of earnings for the African states pushing their budgets to be financed by new debts instead of revenues from their resources. In other words, my objective is to explain when, how, and where the responsibilities of these International Financial Institutions have for decades fueled by their programs and their conditionalities, including recommendations that fueled riots such as the reduction of public subsidies for basic food needs of the population while parading their willingness to open the hose to flood financially weakened African financial chancelleries with loans, They acted like pyro-loans and like Fire Fighters mentors while knowing that all their programs for decades already will bring another crisis that will impose to the African borrowers to halt their infrastructural projects and their social leverage of the most vulnerable classes of their populations.
It seems that these international financial institutions including the IMF refused to learn from all these missed managed financial African years and continued to leverage Africa with debt instead of making Africa the recipient of Foreign Direct Investments that could transform and process the natural resources and transferred technology to form new generations of unemployed youths.
The external debt of Africa is one of the brakes that is stopping regional integration and slowing continental market construction. It is a leverage as it has been the case since the discovery that Africa has strategic mineral resources. These natural resources became first the reason for Africa to be at this level of indebtedness. One of the leaders of African Independence said that the natural resources of Africa are a Curse and he was not that far from the Truth given that it has corrupted all the ruling system of the newly independent African countries and have embedded strifes, wars and disputes as well as coup d’etat as expression of civil wars.
“Conflict over natural resources has made Africa the focus of international attention, particularly during the last decade. From oil in Nigeria and diamonds in the Democratic Republic of Congo, to land in Zimbabwe and water in the Horn of Africa, the politics surrounding ownership, management, and control of natural resources has disrupted communities and increased external intervention in these countries. Such conflict has the potential to impact natural resource supply globally, with both local and wide-reaching consequences. The United States, for example, estimates that a quarter of its oil supply will come from Africa by 2015.” – https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/316/monograph/book/85497
For all these reasons, we will also emphasize the reasons for the setback experienced by the restructuring and rescheduling of Zambia’s External Debt and how even in the long run other projects such as the Liboto Corridor Project have played the role of the double edge sword with 2 sharp sides the long run can be transformed also in the Sword of Damocles that will be put on the top of the Zambia Head.
African School of Development and Financing should use the case of Zambia to teach our rulers and leaders how to avoid being attracted, lured, and finally punished by those from the start who sought and wanted to control and make the Zambian economy obey their principles and concepts of Neo-liberal development imported from outside while they will end by exporting to themselves and their benefit all the internal mining goodies and local values.
Zambia is a Typical Study and an Open TextBook on how to fall into the modernization net and at the same time how to avoid falling into the External Debt Trap framed and camouflaged inside a Neo-liberal strategy of infrastructural upgrade through adopting the financing tools from and furnished by Westernized State-controlled development policies and their army of corporate officers leading up Zambia being transformed into a bargaining chip in the international competition between the West and the East.
The French expression “tirer les marrons du feu” literally means “to pull the chestnuts out of the fire”. It can also mean:
To do the dirty work
Orto reap the benefits of something
If we can emphasize and identify who is/are benefiting from these financial, economic, social, and institutional unstable and disturbing trends in Africa we will have the reasons for this debt madness and the cascade of financial difficulties plaguing simultaneously so many African countries – The Club of African Mad Dog Debt versus the Club of Paris and International Finance Predators.
European companies in the 1800s, Europeans extracted natural resources from Africa to fuel their trade and industry. They stole resources like rubber, ivory, copper, cattle, diamonds, and coffee. The so-called subcapitalist and neocolonialist approaches are still in play in some regions that were invested by Europeans in the early times.
Around this extractive method was built a temporary structure of exploitation worse than the ones built by the Gold diggers knowing that the depletion was near so no investments were made in the surrounding infrastructure or in the logistics of the value transfer and the transformative units. Villages made of shacks dominated the horizon and the only stone building was the ones of the company office. These European companies were not willing to upgrade or renovate their means of exploitation or they could no longer exploit with the same methods given the other countries willing to change such means and shortsighted strategy of mining giving the isolation of the mines and their geographical location far from all supervision by the central authorities.
Tragedy of Endowment and Natural Resource Curse in Africa
Some examples of natural resource conflicts in Africa include:
Civil wars
Angola: 1975–2002, over oil and diamonds
Congo Republic: 1997, over oil
Democratic Republic of the Congo: 1996–1998, over copper, diamonds, gold, and coltan
Sudan: 1983, over oil
Sierra Leone: 1991–2002, over diamond.
Water scarcity
Ethiopia and Kenya: Communities near the borders of these two nations have experienced violent conflicts because of water access
In fact, the region where a natural resource exists and is exploited from oil to stones, this region is where all the spoliation of lands, the deprivation, the corruption and the pollution, and abuses of tribal rights, injustices, inequities in resource distribution along with standards of poverty and lack of good governance are all present and are the dominant factors of deny and conditions of existence for the majority of the local population.
These conditions have already given the creation of the wise appellation and reputation that is: When an African owns a Mining Business, it is Malediction for the entire country.” From oil in Nigeria and diamonds in the Democratic Republic of Congo, to land in Zimbabwe and water in the Horn of Africa, the politics surrounding ownership, management, and control of natural resources has disrupted communities and increased external intervention in these countries. The rudimentary extraction, processing, and use of natural resources are causing environmental problems such as air, land, and water pollution; disruption or destruction of ecosystems; and a decrease in biodiversity while promoting theft, detournement, and pillage that also impact the living conditions of the local population justifying repression and neglect by local and central authorities.
Africa New Landscape of the Global Competition for World Prominence
With such an important presence of China in Africa, a dramatic change took place that was also imposed by the consequences and the riddles going through the energy international market as a result of the Russia – Ukraine war and the advantages that gave to the oil producers and distributors to take advantage of such crisis by imposing their own conditions and levels of pricing for energy products. The world market followed a trend of inflationary burst that made the members of the European Union rethink their sanctions against Russia and their complete obedience to the financial directives coming from Washington while the U.S. oil corporations played the game with their own goals and purposes.
The European Union needed to find other alternatives to supply its members with the needed fuels of energy, and Africa was then solicited as the new partner in this new distribution of power and energy around the world. Coming to Africa by the back door, having a reputation for being part of the colonial and neo-colonial relationships, members of the European Union had and still have a hard time conveying and convincing African people that they are new minds and are bringing new means and approaches to build new bilateral relations and connections.
American companies – The US focuses on higher-technology trade and services, as well as aid policies to promote democracy, good governance, and human development.
Chinese companies – Chinese companies are primarily concerned with natural resource extraction, infrastructure development, and manufacturing. They have purchased African mines to produce critical minerals and built refineries at home for processing.
China is the largest single-country trading partner with sub-Saharan Africa. They buy one-fifth of the region’s exports, including metals, minerals, and fuel. China also provides most of the manufactured goods and machinery imported by African countries. The African Clusters for the Trade and Investment Rivalries Between the Western Economies and China
United States: Created about 12,000 jobs between 2010 and 2019
France: Created about 7,000 jobs between 2010 and 2019
United Kingdom: $65 billion in foreign assets in Africa
France: $60 billion in foreign assets in Africa
Despite all these involvements and investments, African countries remain exposed to the risk of defaulting on their external obligations. Africa faces many economic challenges, including:
Debt: 21 African countries are at high risk of external debt distress.
Socio-economic: Unemployment, gender discrimination, poor health care systems, and weak educational systems.
Environmental: Climate change, water scarcity, desertification, and biodiversity loss.
Other challenges include:
Poor economic policies
Lack of access to the sea
Tropical climate
Dictators and corrupt politicians
Some ways to improve Africa’s economy include:
Creating special economic zones
Fostering favorable investment environments
Addressing environmental, social, and governance issues
Increasing higher education
The IMF has provided over $50 billion to the region between 2020 and 2022. As of March 2023, the IMF had lending arrangements with 21 countries. In recent study on Africa, the International Monetary Fund emphasized that correction and adjustment of the State Fiscal Policy can provide solutions for the financial difficulties and the external debt distress in Africa.
Here is an extract of the study conducted and published by the IMF on this thorny question of external public debt in Africa:
Public debt in the region has risen to levels not seen in decades
The average debt ratio in sub-Saharan Africa has almost doubled in just a decade—from 30 percent of GDP at the end of 2013 to almost 60 percent of GDP by end-2022. Repaying this debt has also become much costlier.
The region’s ratio of interest payments to revenue, a key metric to assess debt servicing capacity and predict the risk of a fiscal crisis, has more than doubled since the early 2010s and is now close to four times the ratio in advanced economies. As of 2022, more than half of the low-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa were assessed by the IMF to be at high risk or already in debt distress.
These trends have sparked concerns of a looming debt crisis in the region. A recent IMF paper offers possible solutions to prevent this from happening. It identifies five policy actionsAfrican governments can take to preserve the sustainability of public finances, while also achieving the region’s development goals.
1. Set a course: re-anchor fiscal policy through a credible medium-term strategy
In most sub-Saharan African countries, fiscal policy focuses excessively on short-term goals and is not guided by a clear medium-term strategy. This lack of anchoring has resulted in frequent breaches of fiscal rules and ever-increasing public debt levels.
A more strategic approach to fiscal policy would be preferable by setting explicit debt targets that integrate key policy trade-offs between debt sustainability and development objectives, rather than focusing narrowly on short-term fiscal deficits. The paper suggests a novel approach to estimating country-specific medium-term debt anchors, which ensures that debt service costs remain manageable. According to this methodology, the median debt anchor for the region is about 55 percent of GDP; slightly more than half of the countries were above their anchor at end-2022.
2. Get ready: undertake fiscal adjustment to bring debt back to a safer level… Read more at:
By Fabio Comelli, Antonio David, Luc Eyraud, Peter Kovacs, Jimena Montoya, and Arthur Sode: September 26, 2023, Public debt in the region has risen to levels not seen in decades. … Continue Reading
Case-Study Gabon and International Monetary Fund
Approved in August 2021, the three-year program (2021-2024) of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) with Gabon, supported by the Extended Credit Mechanism (EMDC), faces some difficulties. Already the first and second review of this program concluded in 2021 allowed the IMF to disburse 155.29 million US dollars (approximately 96 billion FCFA) for Gabon within the framework of this program.
Indeed, the budgetary support that Gabon had hoped for since the end of December 2022 as part of the third review of the said program has still not been validated by the financial institution. And for good reason, the “third review of Gabon’s program is on hold due to recurring external debt arrears, budgetary slippages and slow progress on structural reforms ,” the IMF said in a recent report on common policies. in support of the reform programs of member countries, notably Cemac.
At the end of a mission carried out in November 2022 by the IMF services in Libreville with a view to collecting the information necessary to validate or not new budgetary support for Gabon within the framework of the MEDC, the resident representative of the IMF Agou Gomez He was rather reassuring, affirming that several progress had been made by Gabon.
Even if efforts are being made by local authorities in the management of public finances, several challenges remain. According to data from the General Debt Directorate, Gabon’s public debt stock in 2022 stood at 7,131.7 billion FCFA. A portfolio dominated at 63.4% by external debt. And during the first 9 months of the year 2023 according to data from the Ministry of the Economy, this public debt was paid off to the tune of 1010.8 billion FCFA. However, there are still arrears to be cleared.
Regarding structural reforms, the IMF had, for example, required the Gabonese authorities to ensure that the 2023 budget should “make it possible to find the balance between the preservation of social peace through subsidies, but also the preservation or savings from the oil surplus that Gabon reaps ,” said the resident representative of the IMF in Gabon Agou Gomez in November 2022.
If the program with Gabon is currently on hold, that of the other countries-members of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (Cemac) has undergone some developments. For example, program reviews for Congo and Cameroon were completed, and a new three-year Extended Credit Facility (ECF) agreement was recently approved for the Central African Republic. Discussions continue on a possible agreement between the IMF and Equatorial Guinea during this second half of 2023.
Source: Extracts by Sandrine Gainne – (Le Nouveau Gabon)
Bread in the North and Oil in the South: Africa and the Public Subsidies
According to the World Bank, the Arab world made important progress to eliminating extreme poverty, boosting shared prosperity, increasing school enrollment, and reducing hunger, child and maternal mortality.
The subsidy model is both expensive and inefficient, nurturing corruption and waste. Nevertheless, it is simple to administer and enjoys a high rate of public approval.
Egypt Case:
In Egypt, the International Monetary Fund demanded subsidy cuts following the negotiations with Sadat’s government in 1976 – which sparked the 1977 bread riots.
What went wrong? In two words, food prices.
In North Africa, the squeezing of tight belt policy to pay the interest was to end the subsidies to the price of bread which was the sparkle to the Arab Spring. Middle East and North Africa depend more on imported food than anywhere else. Most Arab countries buy half of what they eat from abroad and between 2007 and 2010, cereal imports to the region rose 13%, to 66m tonnes. Because they import so much, Arab countries suck in food inflation when world prices rise. In 2007-08, they spiked, with some staple crops doubling in price. In Egypt local food prices rose 37% in 2008-10.
During the years leading up to 2011, the world witnessed a sharp rise in agricultural commodity and food prices. Increased demand from emerging economies such as China and India combined with climate-change induced harvest losses. The FAO cereals price index soared to 241 in 2011, up from 119 in 2006 [3].
Most Arab governments responded by reducing import tariffs and increasing subsidies and public sector salaries. These “corrective” actions, far from seeding calm, fed dissatisfaction. The anger came from a surprising place. The Arab poor already spent two thirds or more of their income on food [4] remained sullen. It the urban middle-class responded with fury.
Tunisia Case:
Consider Tunisia. In 2010, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali’s regime faced a crisis. Although overall unemployment stood at 13% in May 2010, it reached 26,7% among local youth aged 15 to 29 and more than 50% in some inland areas. Well educated young people found no opportunities.
Free market reforms supported by the International Monetary Fund aggravated the misery. Subsidies to small scale farmers were slashed. The goal was instead to grow manufacturing exports and increase tourism. Rural inland Tunisia suffered, while the productive coast prospered.
On farms, the emphasis became growing vegetables and fruits for export. The country moved away from traditional rain-fed to irrigated agriculture. Given the importance of grain in the local diet (around 50% of food energy comes from cereals in Tunisia), imports soared: they were equal to 64% of consumed cereals between 2006 and 2008).
According to the Office for North Africa of the Economic Commission for Africa (UN) in 2012. Tunisia’s agriculture trade balance deficit increased from $125.5 million in 2005 to $873.3 million in 2010. Prices of food rose 6.8% in 2010, compared to a mere 0.1% in 2005. The ratio of food subsidies to GDP doubled.
Alessandro Balduzzi: 22 May, 2019, Bread, Freedom and Migration: the Role of Food in the Arab Awakening, Barilla Center for Food and Nutrition. North Africa’s short-lived Arab Spring of 2010-11 illustrates a disastrous cycle of conflict, food insecurity, and forced … Read more
That was the Simple Past mixed to the Imperfect Present on how to balance the State Budget and today the IMF is again recommending to end the public subsidies and this time for the pricing of oil.
MARRAKECH, Morocco, Oct 16 (Reuters) – The International Monetary Fund (IMF) urged sub-Saharan African policymakers last week to cut costly fuel subsidies and raise more in taxes, measures that may be hard to implement as governments grapple with tough spending choices amid high debt.
The region has been hit by repeated economic shocks since 2020, from the COVID-19 pandemic to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and rising U.S. interest rates, putting cash-strapped, debt-laden governments in a political and fiscal bind.
However, the IMF’s prescriptions, set out at its annual meetings last week, are often painful to administer. Countries from Ghana, which defaulted on its debts last year, to Kenya, which must pay back or refinance a $2 billion international bond before next June, have seen violent protests against tax hikes and subsidy removals.
Meanwhile, the region’s debt-to-GDP ratio, which has already doubled to 60% in the last decade, could rise 10 percentage points in the next five years if its fiscal trajectory doesn’t change, according to a recent International Monetary Fund (IMF) report.
Earlier this month of October 2023, Kenya’s cabinet ordered government departments and ministries to cut 10% from their operational budgets for the fiscal year ending in June 2024.
Oil-dependent Angola, where crude production has been lower than expected, is going through “extreme austerity”, finance minister Vera Daves de Sousa told Reuters. The country froze some non-social spending two months ago, such as capital expenditure on projects that are less than 80% complete, she said. “We have to freeze up some expenditure just to make sure that we manage to continue servicing the debt and paying salaries and making sure that the country is functioning.”
Sub-Saharan Africa’s ratio of debt interest payments to government revenues of about 10.5% has more than doubled in the last decade and is about three times that of developed countries, according to the IMF. In many countries that ratio is much higher. Ratings agency Fitch forecasts it will reach 40% in Nigeria and 28% in Kenya, for example, next year.
High interest rates make refinancing debt prohibitively expensive for most African countries and have weakened their currencies against the U.S. dollar. Public spending could drop in real terms for the next five years in 26 Sub-Saharan African countries, according to forecasts by Oxfam International, an anti-poverty NGO.
“If you educate the people, you’re also going to increase productivity, you’re also going to increase human capital,” said Anthony Kamande, Oxfam’s inequality research coordinator. “But how are they going to do that if they do not have money, if the little that they have they are just spending on debt servicing?”
Senegal, Angola and Nigeria are among the African countries that have started to remove the costly but popular benefit.
In Angola, their partial removal earlier this year sparked deadly protests and its finance minister said it was considering slowing plans to axe the rest of the subsidies by 2025.
The IMF has warned that if Angola does not do so, then it will have much lower financial buffers to weather more economic shocks, such as oil prices falling.
“For us, the most important thing was to accept that we have a problem,” Zambia’s finance minister Situmbeko Musokotwane told reporters in Marrakech last week, referring to the country’s decision to restructure its debts after defaulting in 2020 and to implement economic reforms.
“To be able to pay for every child in school, we had to end subsidies on fuel because we could not do both,” he said. “We had to make those hard choices.”
Reporting by Rachel Savage, Editing by Emelia Sithole-Matarise
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui November 21, 2023 – What we are witnessing actually has no precedent in the history of Africa. African Leaders are becoming the best guests to invite in this world … Continue reading
My work is analytical and investigative emphasizing the reasons and the impact of external debt which I have conducted for many decades with a focus on the development of African societies.
In France, while I was still a student at Sciences Po in Grenoble, I formulated a project on the Development of China and I presented it as the model to be imitated and followed by all these former African colonies which were during the 1970s, shaken by the brutality and sudden oscillations of the international market and the weight of foreign debt.
In 1977, I defended China as the Model of Development for Former Colonized Countries and I was put down the precipice and almost kick-out of the Sciences Politiques of Grenoble and I had to fight hard to continue my studies against as we say in French “contre vents et marées de mesquinerie et de sabotage ainsi que d’attaques racistes” to bring my lost ship to the port of knowledge and know-how.
My research like all the other previous ones was conducted through a projection and a prediction of the effects and manifestations that could be generated down the road and in the future of the countries or sectors that were the topics of my research.
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Bibliographical Resources Consulted and Used in this Analysis:
Abiodun Alao: 2007, Natural Resources and Conflict in Africa: The Tragedy of Endowment. Book. Published by: University of Rochester Press
The first comprehensive account of the linkage between natural resources and political and social conflict in Africa.
Conflict over natural resources has made Africa the focus of international attention, particularly during the last decade. From oil in Nigeria and diamonds in the Democratic Republic of Congo, to land in Zimbabwe and water in the Horn of Africa, the politics surrounding ownership, management, and control of natural resources has disrupted communities and increased external intervention in these countries. Such conflict has the potential to impact natural resource supply globally, with both local and wide-reaching consequences. The United States, for example, estimates that a quarter of its oil supply will come from Africa by 2015 – https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/316/monograph/book/85497
Economic integration involves agreements between countries that usually include the elimination of trade barriers and aligning monetary and fiscal policies. African countries needs to passover the signing and reach the level of applying, changing and developing foundations for the documents to be signed.
African countries have taken several steps to integrate their economies, including:
Organization of African Unity (OAU/AU) – Created to tie African countries together to pursue mutual interests and goals
Regional economic communities (RECs) – Established to integrate African countries by region
Trade agreements – Initiatives like the Tripartite Free Trade Area and the East African Community have added to regional integration
African Free Trade Agreement (AFTA) – Concluded in 2018, this agreement intends to establish a single market and production base
African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) – Full implementation would help African countries increase their resiliency in the face of future economic shocks
Other regional steps include:
Infrastructure (SADC, EAC)
Trade liberalization and facilitation (West Africa economic and monetary Union, COMESA)
Free movement of people (ECOWAS)
Peace and security (ECOWAS and SADC)
The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) is a strategic framework that creates a single market of goods and services for deeper economic integration on the African continent. The AfCFTA aims to:
Establish a One African Market for goods and services
Transform regional trade
Lift growth and support livelihoods across the continent
Attract investment
Boost trade
Provide better jobs
Reduce poverty
Increase shared prosperity in Africa
The key pillars of Africa’s regional integration include:
Today, a historic Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) has been signed that signals a commitment to cooperation, knowledge sharing, and collective action in the commodities exchange industry. The formation of the AfCFTA Association of Commodities Exchange (A-ACX) is a pivotal moment in the journey towards realizing the full potential of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). One of A-ACX’s key objectives is to foster collaboration and information sharing among member exchanges. This collaborative approach is vital in addressing common challenges and seizing opportunities in the commodities exchange industry. Through regular dialogues, member exchanges can share best practices, experiences, and insights, ultimately improving the efficiency and effectiveness of their operations. This knowledge exchange will also benefit regulators and policymakers, ensuring that regulations and policies are aligned with industry needs.
African economic integration is an overarching goal of achieving an African Economic Community at continental level. Member states will need to address integration challenges, which include:
Inadequate financial resources
Poor infrastructure networks
Increasing violence, terrorism and political instability
Slow implementation of policies and agreements
Signing documents and agreements while the infrastructure, the structure the organizational entities, and the roadmaps, as well as the operating strategies, are not in place, is an act of archivists, not difference makers.
Signing documents and agreements or Memorandum of Understanding is just building a Library of Paperwork and Administrative Understanding and Cooperation that stays at the level of paperwork with no impact on the reality of integration that should be done in complementary and synergistic manners between the following [Summary of realizations]:
The building capacities:
Build up domestic infrastructure and production capacity
Attract investment
Foster deeper and diversified trade relationships worldwide
A regional approach in key structural areas such as:
Tariff reduction and harmonization
Legal and regulatory reform
Payment systems rationalization
Financial sector reorganization
Investment incentive and tax system harmonization
Labor market reform
The development of productive sectors,
The connection of logistics, land [rail, Truck, and River], maritime, and air
Regional inclusion from a continental perspective,
The enhancement of rules and directives toward integration,
The synchronization of procedures for transactions and transfers of value and commodities,
The redefinition of the function of the Customs Union and international commercial code
The exploration of common rules for the control, inspection, valuation, taxation, and acceptance of foreign-made products, merchandise, commodities, and services
The standardization of payment methods,
The establishment of a central financing house and banking defining convertibility and exchange rate between various currencies, the unification of monetary policies and financing decisions,
The standardization of calibrating, measuring, weighing, labeling of products, services, and natural resources,
The creation of professional representative cooperatives for the valuation and the international commercialization of primary goods, mining processing, and transformation of agricultural products,
The implementation of continental referential standards for the protection of the environment
The creation of an agency for the respect of the international code for usage. recycling and protecting water resources,
The creation of regional centers of research and development,
The use of identical and similar educative and workforce development studies and programs
Additional Factors Needs to be Accounted and Steps to be Taken
These are the basic elements of structuration that are fundamental in setting primarily a common working frame to be adapted to every interest represented by the active members of the African Integration to enable further development and structuring of the African Continental Free Trade Area based on the adhesion and the adaptation of commonalities and identities at the level of economics, finance, logistics, management, and decision-making process based on the following changes and
steps to improve the African economies, including:
Developing human capital by enabling and encouraging creativity and innovation based on local needs and regional potentialities
Building safety nets with increase of State and Government Agency involvement with governance based on social responsibility and accountability
Addressing a growing population and reducing poverty and gap in social stratification
Educating and Forming Africa’s youthful population with integrated educatively training programs’ leading to meaningful work conditions and skills learning
Increasing regional trade in social services
Investing in digital and in human resources
Information communication technologies: Development of information communication technologies
Improving infrastructure, including Internet and other communication networks
Promoting job creation with acceleration of Social Entrepreneurship based on Regional capacities
Exploring new financing mechanisms by State and Regional Entities
Making manufacturing and transformation a local and regional policy priority prior to export
Reducing debt and external reliance on international financing
Increasing cooperation and cooperatives by women and tribal ownership to reinforce local and regional self-reliance and economic emancipation
Building Renewable Energy oriented industries using local resources of land, river, ocean, wind and other natural resources.
Maintaining macroeconomic stability
Having a more efficient tax system
Investing more in human capital
Having strong financial systems
Having a realistic exchange rate
Development of infrastructure and connectivity between African countries
Elimination of all barriers to trade
Good governance
Cross-border better cooperation among public and private stakeholders
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The international situation is not only affected by the conflict in Ukraine and the end of the “zero COVID” policy recently adopted by China, other geostrategic factors and regional and international financial and economic policies condition the growth of advanced global economies thus creating a cascade of recessionary movements undermining the bases of the transfer of added value between the companies forming and supplying the added value chain.
The New Paradigm of the Chinese Economy and Its Consequences
China anticipated the advent of the Water Rabbit New Year to stimulate consumption during the celebration period in order to erase the contraction experienced in 2022 in terms of growth. According to figures from the National Bureau of Statistics of China published Tuesday January 17, 2023, growth would be 3% in 2022 far from projections of +5.5%. This rate is the lowest level since the 1970s. The watchwords are “Stability and Reforms” with which China is trying to attract national and international investors and restore confidence in the economic future of the country.
As for the United States, there is a deluge of mass layoffs in all high-tech sectors and especially in services. The flagship tech companies no longer hide their dismay, taking advantage of an environment of international conflict and national recession, they are leading the fight against the tendencies of union mobilization that workers wanted to form as a defense against the erosion of their powers. purchase and their rights. The response is solidarity from companies which until now have been protected against the effects of the crisis. So, it is not surprising that on Wednesday January 4, 2023, Amazon plans to lay off 18,000 employees, Microsoft and others. This surge was thus unmasked and started by the bankruptcies of Startups and especially by the fraudulent manipulations of the Crypto Assets sector which contributed to the materialization in 2022 by Wall Street of its worst year since 2008: the S&P 500, the index of the 500 main listed companies, fell by 20%.
At the same time, continued inflation tends to erode the purchasing power of the most disadvantaged and affects the employment of the poorest. Given that the fight against inflation involves reducing wages, this paradoxical situation makes the acceptance of all working conditions acceptable in the sectors by poor workers without union protection. Productivity will be affected as will job stability, weakening recovery efforts and employment in low-income service sectors on the economic and industrial scale.
At the same time, financial support for Ukraine and other contingency budgetary expenditures have caused the federal debt ceiling to be reached, which currently stands at $31.4 trillion, on Thursday, January 19, 2023, this debt level is of around 120% of GDP, according to government figures.
As a result, the United States will be characterized by the continuation of the recession and by a period of economic slowdown. The stimulation of military spending on rearmament, the race for the sophistication of new weapons and arms exports as a form of recycling of old weapons are thus considered as temporary remedies while the real problems are contained and integrated into the distribution of wealth and the glaring inequality in the sharing of the benefits of economic growth. On the other hand, the effects and consequences of stagflation and recession are distributed generously without borders among the working social classes.
Proposal for the Creation of “InterAfrican Social Community Bank of Reconstruction,”
With Disaster after Disaster, Insecurity, Institutional Instability, Rising Unemployment, Rising Crimes, Corruption, Nepotisme, Spoliation of Rights of Private Ownership and Persecution of Activism and Political Opposants and So On, Africa Needs “InterAfrican Social Community Bank of Reconstruction” to replace the African Development Bank (AfDB)
Summarized Definition of Actions and Interventions for the “InterAfrican Social Community Bank of Reconstruction”
The prototype model used for the creation of the “InterAfrican Social Community Bank of Reconstruction” is based on research I have conducted within the CREDAL Laboratoire 111 associated with the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – CNRS with mentorship received directly from Celso Furtado who his own work and studies have effectively focused on the correction of the economic dualism and the structural imbalances that hurt the economic development. Celso Furtado used the direct reality of the century-old existence of marginalization and improvershipment that dominated and defined the economic destiny of the Northeast of Brazil to elaborate new concepts and theory of regional and national development. Note *
Celso Furtado and SUDENE, Superintendence and the Planning of Development for the Impoverished and Marginalized Regions by the International Investors and Marketplace
The contributions by Celso Furtado for the economic development was based and aiming to interpret and explain the determinants of regional inequalities and to the formulation of development policies for less developed regions.
While I was conducting research on Brazil with the advice of Celso Furtado in Paris, I realized that Brazil, through the recommendations of the World Bank, had in fact applied the first and already in the mid-fifties the same scenario and the same development strategy which was subsequently granted to Morocco by the same institution which resulted in the implementation of the import substitution program. As they say, we change the bottle, the labeling and the branding but the wine remains from the same source, even with a bitter taste given the time spent in the open air.
My Mentor and Thesis Advisor, Celso Furtado Said El Mansour Cherkaoui et Jacques Chonchol, my Thesis Director of Research Said El Mansour Cherkaoui on Latin America Publication on the Economic Development of Brazil at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique de Paris par Said El Mansour Cherkaoui:La relation ambivalente entre l’Etat fédéral et les…Lire la Suite →juin 13, 2022
Furtado overcomes the notion of region and begins to examine spatial structures; he introduces the central role of urban nodes, of their hierarchies and articulations; in other words, the role of the urban network in the command and structuring of the territory; of the central role of technology and innovation processes, and finally, of the need for an interdisciplinary effort for both understanding regional problems as well as for the formulation of policies and their implementation.
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Research on the Development of Brazil
I worked with Celso Furtado in Paris when I was an Associate Researcher at the CREDAL and the Institut des Hautes Etudes de l’Amérique Latine at Paris. Celso Furtado was my mentor with Raymond Prats, Frederic Mauro and Jacques Chonchol. My research topic focused on the Intervention of the Brazilian States in the Economy.
My research on Brazil entitled: “La Relation Ambivalente entre l’Etat Fédéral et les Grands Groupes d’Intérêts Privés au Brésil dans la Première Moitie du XXeme Siecle” [voir document ci-dessus] was considered by Eminents Scholars and President of the Latin American Association in the United States of America as pioneered study in the World with the one conducted by Steve Topik. We were the first two Researchers that focus on such period of time with the State involvement in regulating the growth and development. Extract of this research was published by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique – CNRS.
In the orientation favored by Celso Furtado, I also focused on using a backdrop the theoretical antecedents and principal global experiences of regional development policies, which served as a reference for Celso Furtado.
The originality of Furtado’s innovation is that he linked questions of regional inequality with the nature of underdeveloped structures. using and also interceding the theoretical and empirical foundations in his analysis of the Northeast question. This approach helped Celso Furtado to establish guidelines for the future SUDENE and its interaction and confrontation with political pressures and the insufficiencies in the way development policies for the Northeast were carried out.
Celso Furtado was a Man of the Territory and the Field Research bringing to the academic and conceptual world, the harsh reality of the region disinherited and impoverished by centuries of voluntary neglect and exposure to the extraverted demand that was imprevisible and inconsistent.
Celso Furtado Fighting Regional Inequalities in the Northeast (Brazil) with SUDENE
A multiregional Superintendence of stimulating and increasing the outputs and the productivity of food staples along with the expansion of educational programs that favor and increase the social return and the individual empowerment of communities and self-reliance of tribes in African countries. No bank headquarters should be located anywhere, this institution needs to be located in the regions and near the communities that need its services, support, and orientation as well as investment in education.
Here below are details on the Investment on Education in Africa:
Read in the following listed link and the correspondent article where is presented our Proposal Educational Value to create and manage Entrepreneurial Training Programs and Institution: American Institute of Entrepreneurship in Africa dedicated to the rising and the growth of Entrepreneurship based on American Principles and Strategie of Creative Social Management.
– Supporting fragile communities, regions, and ethnic minorities as well as their cultures and means of living
– Strengthening local not export agriculture and guaranteeing through direct Research and Development to increase the transformation of saline waters and agricultural productivity without Chemical to build and assure FOOD SOVEREIGNTY of communities, regions, and ethnic tribes
– To protect and promote the preservation of the most distinguished aspects and characteristics identities of their culture and means of living
– Implementing Study and Educational Programs to increase literacy and to create jobs in accordance with this educational policy
– Workforce Program Development adapted to the local economic socio-cultural and eco-financial conditions as well as the level of modernization conditions, see our training programs on Entrepreneurship at https://glocentra.com and / en Français: https://fr.glocentra.com
– Stimulating trade and exchange of ideas and opportunities with other regions of the country to reduce the formation of enclaves and isolation
The “InterAfrican Social Community Bank of Reconstruction” subscription to its capital should be from the State and transformed and vested in community ownership and the employee’s ownership to maintain the financial independence and the autonomy of the strategic management of this Superintendence.
The “InterAfrican Social Community Bank of Reconstruction” mobilizes resources from within and outside of its spheres of action and operations.
The actual earthquake in Morocco that devastated regions and local communities enclaved in their territories like in their own production. These enclaves are a distinct territorial, Amazigh cultural, and with social groups within a cohesive community of local and ancestral traditional heritages.
We are in the presence of destructured productive and interacting units with self-reliance and self-distribution of functions and roles within sectors and areas of pastoral and agricultural operations. The only other options is the rural exodus to the surrounding cities and to foreign countries. The large scale of the damages inflicted on these communities is double sword reality that can stimulate the exodus at the same time with the large important reconstruction can be a locomotive to the transformative and modernizing trend that can take place in these regions.
Within these imperatives, the “InterAfrican Social Community Bank of Reconstruction” can be established with a regional network that focused and leveraged the reconstruction not just of habitations but of the entire physical and logistical infrastructure necessary to disenclave remote villages as suffering regions not just from the aftermath of the recent cataclysmic Earthquake in the Haouz, Marrakech Region but more importantly to set new regional policy of empowerment and redefinition of the regions.
A new frame of authentic national and local growth of the Moroccan potential and capacities to be self-reliant and self-sustained economic and productive regional segments of regional and national policy of locally based growth conditions and nationally driven development realizations.
This process of redefinition of regional priorities can lead to integration for the local communities with cohesive and self-reliance policy based on the distribution of building capacities that can be the vectors for the reconstruction strategy and the stimulation of local and regional creation of local added-value agricultural, artisanal and semi-industrial productions based on community-oriented work and productivity.
Note *: Celso Furtado was born in the Northeast of Brazil. Celso Furtado talked to my Director of Research Dr. Yves Barel of the IREP in Grenoble and invited me to come to Paris to join him. Celso Furtado was the reason and the key that added 8 years of my residence in Paris and its region.
Africa is not like other regions around the world where trade was made through different means of communications and relationships. Africa has trade relationship based on exchange within its own regional limits and intercontinental sphere that were shaped by the territorial extension of the same tribes and its importance in the development of regional cultural and way of living in vast areas building alliances, causing wars and facilitating adoption of the same religion and tradition within rich, diversified, antagonistic and integrative forms of social, economic and institutional forms that the only challenges where the physical configuration existing between the lands and the oceans. Africa has an extra internal ocean that defines also natural borders which the Sahara and the Sahel as well as the natural reserves of lands and jungles inhabited by different wild species and fictionally adopted by Tarzan as the Caucasian ruler of deep Africa.
Trade in Africa has been culturally driven by many factors between African countries that had led to confrontations, conflicts, wars but also establishment of cultural and tribal connections that contributed in the mixing of the African population and the crossing-over of regional cultures.
Within such diversified frame of interactions, Africans have built among themselves many historical facts that became the driving forces of cultural changes and cultural integration. One of the most important element in this orientation was the penetration of Islam from the East at the first place through Ethiopia and what use to be called Abyssinia and Bilad Sudan, Zanzibar with extension to the coasts of Mozambique followed by the driving forces of trade, slavery and gold transfer among and by the Moors Berbers / Amazighs that extended from the coast of the Mediterranean coasts to the north of Congo lands.
Global trends in international trade and economic, social, and political relations continue to forge closer integration among countries and regions. Trade in goods and services, and movement of capital and human resources continue to grow tremendously, assisted by accelerated sharing of technology across national and regional borders. However, all indicators show that Africa’s performance has been poor, marginalizing it in the global trading system.
In 2007, Africa recorded a high growth rate of about 5.8%. As in previous years, this was largely driven by strong global demand, high commodity prices, increased private capital flows, and improved macroeconomic management. In spite of this progress, however, there is still a huge deficit in the growth needed to meet the Millennium Development Goals. Population growth rates in many African countries still high do not help the situation either, as they erode the gains and lead to a less impressive GDP per capita growth rate overall.
Trade, particularly within the continent remains a key pillar for tackling the challenges Africa faces. Regional integration has thus emerged as the framework to address obstacles to intra-African trade. Reducing barriers to intra-African trade will create larger regional markets that can realize economies of scale and sustain production systems and markets as well as enhance Africa’s competitiveness.
This brings us to the focus of “The Importance of African Financial Integration to Promote Regional Trade and Investment on the Continent.”
What do we mean by African financial integration, and how can it promote regional trade and investment on the continent?
African financial integration means the progressive harmonization and integration of the financial sectors of African countries. This entails the harmonization of macroeconomic and monetary policies as well as the creation of institutions to manage the process. Its eventual aim is the creation of a monetary union, but however, elements of financial integration can be adopted, even without having a full monetary union, through the cooperation of regulators on wide-ranging issues or through the free movement of capital as one would have in a common market.
Strong financial integration can increase the efficiency of the financial sector, by reducing interest rates, decreasing the cost of credit, and increasing lending for investment activities. For example, too small African economies could become more competitive, diversify their portfolios, and reduce their risk premiums by integrating their financial sectors. Integrating the financial sectors also allows for more diversification of portfolios and an overall reduction of risk premiums, thereby increasing the overall strength of the sector.
So how will this promote regional trade and investment on the Continent?
First of all, in a broad sense, promoting investment is one of the main reasons for establishing regional integration. Regional integration generally enhances investments by enlarging markets, increasing competition, and improving policy credibility.
One of the important developments in the world economy that is of high importance to Africa is the rapid increase in South-South trade and capital flows. FDI from the South increased from just 5 percent of world outward flows in 1990 to 17 percent in 2005. While FDI to Africa is increasingly coming from Asia, especially China, India, and the Gulf States, at the same time, FDI flows within Africa increased substantially in 2006. The integration of the financial services will further boost FDI flows within Africa. Africa’s financial integration will make it much easier to move capital from one part of Africa to the other therefore increasing trade and investment within the continent.
Secondly, one of the major challenges to the growth of trade and investment on the continent has been the inadequate provision of financing to fuel this growth. The recent sub-prime mortgage market crises in the USA and its knock-on effects have served as a reminder of the fragility of international finance markets, Africa therefore needs to alleviate her financing constraints by mobilizing more domestic resources. Consequently, there is an imperative to develop regional financial markets that can meet Africa’s financing needs.
Africa continues to face significant financing gaps that cannot be met through donor funding or international lending. At the same time, the fragmented nature of the individual financial sectors makes them unable to meet these financing needs. Africa’s financial integration is therefore an essential step towards mobilizing domestic financial resources to address Africa’s financing needs for the promotion of trade and investment. Thus Africa’s financial integration has a direct role to play in the promotion of trade and investment in the region.
Africa Destiny: Fintech Infobytes Developing the Informal Sector
The liberalization of trade in services is probably the most sensitive one. Opening competition in financial integration should not be conducted for the restriction of initiatives and elimination of innovatives means and ways to develop financial transactions among businesses and productions that are not entirely integrated in the market and the circulation of values among the “transafrican” companies and institutions. Certain level of support and structures should be build to integrate the informal sector and its components in a local and regional fashion. Such support and recognition at the level of jurisdiction and institutions will allow the survival and expansion of such business operations that can be creative of values, integration of social classes otherwise marginalized and more importantly facilitate the creation of jobs amongs regions and sectors not receiving any incentives from the State.
Therefore, the establishment of the critical institutions regional forms of money circulation especially at the level of the digital money can be a leverage for such informal financial level of circulation and exchange of values among sections and areas of market that are predominant in many peripherical marketplaces and regions in Africa.
To this end, special Digital African Monetary Fund, Digital African Central Bank, and Digital African Investment Bank are to be created and adapted to these informal economic and financial clusters that can be leading to innovative resources regionally extracted and oriented toward regional integration among other similar clusters at the level of the rest of Africa.
The road of African Integration starts with Informal Rehabilitation and Revaluation facilitating the creation of regional clusters that are conducive to their growth as resources and operations developing local, regional and national value added sectors and productions creating jobs and participating the increase of economic growth and distribution of wealth among underrepresented social classes and marginalized regions.
EMPLOYMENT AND INFORMAL ECONOMY IN AFRICA
Designer, Producer, Salesman, and Self-Employed with Merchandising in the Front Street Store– Individual Ownership Micro-Enterprise
In Africa, data collected at the firm level is too limited to allow cross-country comparisons and support policy decisions. In most African countries, industrial censuses are not systematic.
Most African businesses are less productive than their international competitors. The Africa-Asia productivity ratio of the workforce fell from 67% in 2000 to 50% in 2018. Agriculture accounts for 50% of total employment and in some African countries, almost 91% of the non-agricultural workforce still works in the informal sector while in the productive structure in Africa, 22% of the net creation of employment is from recent small enterprises. (1)
Informal employment as a percentage of non-agricultural employment
The growth of Africa’s gross domestic product (GDP) since the 2000s has neither created enough quality jobs nor brought about sufficient improvement in the well-being of the population. The African continent will have to succeed in absorbing the 29 million young people who will enter the labor market each year between now and 2030. By comparison, they were only 14 million new entrants per year between 2000 and 2015. In addition, 282 million workers are currently in precarious employment and, despite their work, 30% are unable to lift themselves out of poverty.
AFRICA HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: African “Laureates” crossing the Sea
Informal Sector: Moroccan Kid Food and Tea at the Barbary Coast Stand – Marrakech – Morocco
African Kids in Open Classroom – School Courant d’Air. Next Generation of African Educated Youth under the Sun, Renewable Energy
Globalisation of Drinks and Fastfood and Poverty Internationalisation of Canvas and Subcapitalism Social Madness
African “Laureates” crossing the Sea
French Startup Laureates in Silicon Valley
African Heraga Startup Laureates in Sebta Valley
African Eagles Flying Over Fences of Colonial Presidio in Africa – Morocco
Next Generation of African Educated Youth under the Sun
Africa Immigrants on the Top of the Line
African Heraga Startup Laureates in Sebta Valley
Africa Immigrants Seeking better condition on the other side of the border
Africa Immigrants in the Sea
African “Laureates” crossing the Sea
The informal business sector, which provides livelihoods for the majority of poor Africans, is an untapped market for the provision of public cloud services via mobile phone. Given the lack of a power supply shortage in most African markets, cloud computing presents an attractive preposition value for those who wish to eliminate the high costs of investing in infrastructure. However, power outages can deter the adoption of cloud services.
There is a need for an efficient, Effective, Available and Affordable Cloud Computing covering and connecting Africa made and managed by Africans that fits and responds to the cultural and regional specificity of African Traders [Maline Schoukara – les Boursiers de la Rue – System Débrouillardise] and African Ecommerce by the Informal Retail Sector, the Informal Services and the Entrepreneurial Start Tech.
The focus should be first made and conducted through the scope of the recent creation of African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) to establish a technological and logistical frame to deal with the important problem of the transformation of these informal units into real Digital Small, Medium and Micro Businesses.
One of the path can be the establishment of a sub-regional exchange network to promote transfers and exchanges of knowledge and experiences between small producers from different countries in a South-South perspective, thus helping to broaden the horizons of small producers.
I – Africa Challenges = Africa Opportunities of Progress
II – Africa Report on Food Crisis 2023
III – Doing Business in Africa: Population, Urbanization and Youth
Africa faces significant challenges in reaching these goals
Below are some of the important issues that we, as African People, need to work on collectively, in a proactive manner, to achieve inclusive growth, social and economic development (Not in alphabetical order and not in priority order either):
👍Africa Market and Business Integration👎
👍Agricultural development (food security)👎
👍Crime and violence (including domestic violence)👎
👍Environmental sustainability and climate change initiatives👎
👍Equal opportunity for all (social, racial, religious)👎
👍Facilitation and effective regulation of trade-in-goods and trade-in-services (addressing tariff and non-tariff barriers, regulatory obstacles)👎
👍Financial market governance and regulation👎
👍Foreign direct investment (FDI) generation and management👎
👍Gender equality👎
👍Good public sector governance (efficiency, efficacy and financial management of government services, reforming fiscal system – cutting red tape; effective regulatory governance)👎
👍Urban development (smart cities)
👍Rural development and Agricultural production for Local Marketplaces👎
👍Social security and economic assistance programs👎
👍High quality education for all (including digital literacy)👎
👍Infrastructure for Transport (roads, railways, ports)👎
👍Energy (renewable sources)👎
👍Water and sanitation👎
👍Information and Communication Technology (ICT)👎
👍Natural resource management and protection of the environment with rational exploitation of mining👎
👍Peaceful negotiation of conflicts (elimination of armed conflicts and forced movement of people)👎
👍Practical regional integration agenda – with emphasis on effective implementation👎
👍Social and Private sector development (especially Entrepreneur, Informal Sector, micro, small and medium enterprises)👎
👍Public-private-partnerships👎
👍Correction and Remedies for the Causes and Roots of Political Corruption, Tribal, Class and Family / Friend Clientelism, Nepotisme, Despotism, Favoritism and Terrorism threat👎👍
Contact Dr. Said El Mansour Cherkaoui: saidcherkaoui@triconsultingkyoto.com Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Works on Africa – Afrique 🌍 Said El Mansour Cherkaoui ★ Africa ★ Afrique Articles and Reports on Africa developed by Dr. Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Africa Regional and Trade Integration is presented in its expression of development and modernization of the infrastructure and … Continue readingAfrica – Afrique by Said El Mansour Cherkaoui
II – Africa Report on Food Crisis 2023
On Wednesday, June 14, 2023, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) released the report titled “Regional Focus of the Global Report on Food Crisis 2023,” which shows that 30 million people will require food assistance in Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Uganda.
The hunger levels are inextricably linked to climate disasters, conflict, insecurity, and economic shocks, the IGAD Secretary Gebeyehu said.
According to the report, of the 30 million food-insecure population, an estimated 7.5 million people in Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan are projected to face large food consumption gaps.
Over 83,000 individuals are anticipated to face an extreme lack of food in the most severe drought and conflict-affected areas of the region, particularly in Somalia and South Sudan.
Even if the March-May 2023 rains bring some relief from the Horn of Africa’s worst drought in more than four decades, the region will continue to deal with its catastrophic consequences in 2023 and beyond, the report noted.
It added that the recovery of pastoral and agro-pastoral livelihoods from the devastating three-year drought will take years and humanitarian assistance continues to be critical until households and communities can recover.
In Sudan, the impact of the ongoing conflict on food availability and access is expected to drive a rapid deterioration in food security and nutrition security with the capital of Khartoum and the region of Darfur being most affected.
By mid-May, more than 1 million people had fled their homes with around 843 000 people being newly displaced internally and over 250,000 people fleeing to neighboring countries.
The IGAD report said key stakeholders should align efforts and share evidence and information which extend beyond immediate relief measures and encompass long-term strategies to achieve sustainable food security in the region.
“The @PowerUSAID and @WFP both continues suspension of food aid to Tigray, where an estimated 5.3 million people are known to be starving. We demand action” to #ResumeAid4Tigray, #BringBackTigrayRefugees @UNICEF @WFP_Africa @SecBlinken @WFPChief @EUCouncil @USAID pic.twitter.com/T6kVlVqXL4 – June 14, 2023
Improvements in these issues will contribute to more inclusive economic growth, achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) and assist Africa to be resilient facing external challenges, respond first to the needs, demands and expectations of its own people and constituents, pay a key role in the global economy, as well as its governance structures.
Let us know what you think Africa’s top challenges are (from the above list) and according additional ones that are of your own preferences.
Tell us what you think.
This questionnaire was submitted almost 5 years ago, if you consider that new challenges have emerged since then, given the interruption of the Global Chain Supply, the energy crisis and the food supply resulting from the European Union and the U.S. Sanctions on Russia, please do not hesitate to include them and elaborate on them in your answers.
We appreciate your participation and collaboration for the good sake of Africa and africans.
Best wishes of success for African people and nations.
III – Doing Business in Africa: Population, Urbanization and Youth
Population
The global population was expected to reach 8 billion by November 2022.
Africa’s population is largely rural. But now the continent is driving urbanization: The expansion of cities in the coming decades will experience a similar dynamic to Asia. This is only partly due to the metropolises.
Urbanization
In 1960 less than 20 percent of Africa’s population lived in cities.
Today, that number has doubled to roughly 40 percent.
An estimated 609 million people in Africa live in urban areas as of 2021. The urban population on the continent has been growing annually and is forecast to increase further to reach 722 million by 2026. Apr 28, 2023
The urbanization rate in Africa was projected at nearly 44 percent in 2021. Urbanization on the continent has increased steadily since 2000 when 35 percent of the total population lived in urban areas. This share is expected to increase further in the coming years.Apr 28, 2023
The percentage of Africans living in the countryside for 2021 based on 53 countries was 52.24 percent.
Nigeria accounts for the continent’s largest rural population (95 million), followed closely by Ethiopia (85 million).
Cairo, Kinshasa, and Lagos are the only cities on the continent with more than 10 million inhabitants today
Luanda and Dar es Salaam will join them by 2030.
Congo’s capital Kinshasa, by 2035 will be home to 25 million people.
African Youth equals dynamism
With a median age of 25 years old, the African continent is the youngest in the world. Jan 25, 2022
By 2030, young Africans are expected to constitute 42% of global youth.
Africa’s population as a whole is very young, with 60% of the entire continent aged below 25, making it the youngest continent in the world, in relation to its population makeup. All of the world’s top 10 youngest countries by median age are in Africa, with Niger in first place with a median age of 15.1 years.
Africa is the continent with the youngest population worldwide. As of 2022, around 40 percent of the population was aged 15 years and younger, compared to a global average of 25 percent. Although the median age on the continent has been increasing annually, it remains low at around 20 years. Apr 28, 2023
In total, the population aged 17 years and younger amounted to approximately 650 million. In contrast, only approximately 48 million individuals were aged 65 years and older as of the same year. Apr 28, 2023
When it comes to creating value, Africa’s youth is anything but passive. The millennial generation has lived through the continent’s meteoric rise in mobile and internet penetration rates. Today, African youths are increasingly taking an active role in shaping their future, disrupting how we think about African agriculture, industry, IT, and sustainability.
In the majority of cases, these businesses are spearheaded by Africans under the age of 35. In fact, 2021 was a record-breaking year for Africa’s start-up scene, which secured over $2 billion in funding.
Entrepreneurial Education, Digital and Knowledge Economy in Africa
Africa Tech – Social Cost or Cost Opportunity
Entrepreneurial Education, Digital and Knowledge Economy in Africa
It is through the establishment of a digital economy that foreign trade officials and international financial relations can have access to reliable data and closer management of flows and their cyclical changes. The corresponding data can facilitate decision-making like any sectorial intervention without calling into question the commitments made to the rest of Africa and the world with which Morocco has cultural and commercial exchange treaties.
African leaders signed on Wednesday, March 23, 2018 three major economic agreements during the extraordinary session of the Heads of State and Government of the African Union (AU) in Kigali, creating a Continental Free Trade Area (Zlec ), seen as essential to Africa’s economic development, through increased intra-African trade.
Some 44 countries signed the agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area, while 43 heads of state signed the Kigali Declaration for the launch of Zlec and 27 signed protocols relating to the free movement of people, right of residence and right of establishment.
Zlec gives birth to the largest free trade area in the world since the World Trade Organization was established in 1995. Nineteen Presidents were present while a number of Prime Ministers and government also signed for their respective countries.
I have been defending Africa since I was in the situation where I can claim my own Africanness without any other expression of my ancestral African Amazigh heritage. The turning point of such a claim made against those who wanted to bury us but forgot that we are seeds of cultivation as they say in Africa. We blossomed later on and this attempt to put away our conscience and our willingness to find better ways for Africa was during the year 1977-78 at the Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Grenoble, France.
For Africa, I have drawn trajectories since 1977 to illuminate its multiple fighting spirits for its own emancipation and for the will of its own children not to forget it even if centuries have brainwashed them. Yes, indeed, generations and generations were instilled with a sweet insidious amnesiac dose by foreign and their local charlatans who disguised and distorted the reality of our own African history.
Through reading this article, you will discover that I have established milestones in the direction of recovering and rediscovering our own sense of Africanity, what I call our Refined Shared African Affinity.
In this sense, I have written several articles, developed various analyses, written case studies, as I have also participated in the initiation, organization and presentation at international conferences and trade shows, taught courses, provided consulting services and training and study-programs on Africa. This diverse and multiple engagements took place in the United States, France, Morocco and China.
To reinforce this African orientation, I have also directly participated in the creation of groups and institutions representing the interests of Africa while facilitating meetings and contacts for African countries and decision-makers with their peers in California such as and just to name few:
Organization of the first visit of a delegation representing the Federation of Chambers of Commerce of Egypt.
Organization of the visit of a delegation of members of the Accra Chamber of Commerce to New York.
Visit of the First Delegation of Cameroon during the Football World Cup in 1994 at Stanford,
Organization in the Bay Area from San Francisco to Berkeley of the very First International Conference on Africa
Direct participation in the American Café Trade Show in Casablanca – Morocco organized by the USDA, US Department of State, The US Embassy in Morocco, Representation of 25 American and Californian companies as an introduction to the upcoming signing of the Free Trade Agreement between the United States and Morocco.
As for my current initiatives and achievements, I have also created several groups on the level of social-media platforms as well as several websites presenting the news, the and the future of African countries and their relations with the rest of the world.
Je défends l’Afrique depuis que je suis dans la situation où je peux revendiquer ma propre africanité sans aucune autre expression de mon héritage ancestral africain amazigh. Le tournant d’une telle revendication faite contre ceux qui ont voulu nous enterrer mais ont oublié que nous sommes des graines de culture comme on dit en Afrique. Nous nous sommes épanouis plus tard et cette tentative de mettre de côté notre conscience et notre volonté de trouver de meilleures voies pour l’Afrique s’est déroulée durant l’année 1977-78 à l’Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Grenoble, France. Pour l’Afrique, j’ai dessiné des trajectoires depuis 1977 pour éclairer ses multiples esprits combatifs pour sa propre émancipation et pour la volonté de ses propres enfants de ne pas l’oublier même si des siècles les ont lavés le cerveau. Oui, en effet, des générations et des générations ont été insufflées avec une douce dose amnésique insidieuse par des étrangers et leurs charlatans locaux qui ont déguisé et déformé la réalité de notre propre histoire africaine. En lisant cet article, vous découvrirez que j’ai établi des jalons dans le sens de la récupération et de la redécouverte de notre propre sens de l’africanité, ce que j’appelle notre affinité africaine partagée raffinée. Dans ce sens, j’ai écrit plusieurs articles, développé diverses analyses, écrit des études de cas, car j’ai également participé à l’initiation, à l’organisation et à la présentation de conférences et salons internationaux, enseigné des cours, fourni des services de conseil et des programmes de formation et d’étude sur Afrique. Ces engagements divers et multiples se sont déroulés aux États-Unis, en France, au Maroc et en Chine. Pour renforcer cette orientation africaine, j’ai également participé directement à la création de groupes et d’institutions représentant les intérêts de l’Afrique tout en facilitant les rencontres et les contacts des pays et décideurs africains avec leurs pairs en Californie tels que et pour ne citer que ceux-là :
Organisation de la première visite d’une délégation représentant la Fédération des Chambres de Commerce d’Egypte.
Organisation de la visite d’une délégation de membres de la Chambre de Commerce d’Accra à New York.
Visite de la Première Délégation du Cameroun lors de la Coupe du Monde de Football en 1994 à Stanford,
Organisation dans la Bay Area de San Francisco à Berkeley de la toute Première Conférence Internationale sur l’Afrique
Participation directe à l’American Café Trade Show à Casablanca – Maroc organisé par l’USDA, le Département d’État américain, l’Ambassade des États-Unis au Maroc, Représentation de 25 entreprises américaines et californiennes en guise d’introduction à la signature prochaine de l’Accord de libre-échange entre les États-Unis États-Unis et le Maroc.
En ce qui concerne les initiatives et réalisations actuelles, j’ai également créé plusieurs groupes au niveau des plateformes de médias sociaux ainsi que plusieurs sites Web présentant l’actualité, le et l’avenir des pays africains et leurs relations avec le reste du monde.
Prize for Defending Africa Development with Chinese Model at SciencesPo – Grenoble – France China Ink Wrote an Attaching Memory in My Mind, 1977 –… Continue reading
Otis Redding – (Sittin’ On) The Dock Of The Bay (Official Music Video) Said El Mansour Cherkaoui – (Sittin’ On) The Dock Of The Bay of Frisco (San Francisco – California) Are we part of this or are we just sitting on the Docks of the African Bay to clap. Would be more informative to … Continue reading
Introduction: MOROCCO ENTERTAINING STORIES and PROFILES: PUBLIC RELATION for ELITES and POLITIBRITIES This kind of story is a waste of money and even prestige given that no decision-makers from our top trade, business and finance partner or connection comment on this such “Clowny” publications, they know already the “Gimmicks” and they do not buy the …Continue reading Paid PR Massage of Morocco Elitist Performances
Ce genre d’histoire est un gaspillage d’argent et même de prestige étant donné qu’aucun décideur de notre principal partenaire commercial, commercial et financier ou de connexion ne commente ces publications “clowny”, ils connaissent déjà les “Gimmicks” et ils n’achètent pas les images “Rosy” et la présentation d’une exposition déformée, exagérée, brillante et “salon” et “show-biz rudimentaire”. Ils sont les maîtres dans une telle « fabrication et composition de la réalité. Période” … Lire la suite Maroc: Relation Publique Élitiste Chèrement Tronquée
🌍American Institute 🌍 Entrepreneurship in Africa🌍 is a project-based initiative seeking to establish the digital logistics and the technological platforms to be able to connect virtually potential entrepreneurs in French and English Speaking Africa with African-American Mentors here in the United States.
AFRICA FACING ITS OWN AFRICAN DESTINY Africa Regional and Trade Integration is presented in its expression of development and modernization of the infrastructure and transfer of values between African countries. Articles and Reports on Africa developed by Said El Mansour Cherkaoui …Continue Reading →https://africacontext.wordpress.com/
Said El Mansour Cherkaoui – Maroc, France, Allemagne: Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Sport Espace ·Mazagão – Mazagan – El Jadida – Maroc Mon Frère, mon complice dans le bien-être et le partage de la fraternité respectueuse, l’homme, mon Coéquipier qui pouvait me défendre et rester a mes cotés qu’importe le déroulement du match et autres événements et rencontres. mon Confident de Classe et de Fréquentation Mazaganaise MAZAGAN A L’AISE […] Lire la suite
From Left to Right: Dr. Fahem, Dr. Said E. Cherkaoui, Dr. Babacar Ndiaye 5th elected President of African Development Bank 1985-1995, Far Right: Executive of the African Chamber of Commerce, Seattle, Washington State, USA
African Sisters and Brothers in Oakland, California – USA: International Conference organized by CITD and Said El Mansour Cherkaoui
A presentation on North Sahara Africa, Said El Mansour Cherkaoui at the US Department of Commerce, San Francisco conducting a Presentation on Africa and Northwest Africa
🌍 AFRICA 🌍AFRIQUE 🌍 Africa Needs to Build its Own Energy Road within its the borders of the needs of its own needs, the needs of each region and the needs of each connected country in Africa North Africa to South of Africa and South of Africa to North Africa 🌍 New Silky Road and … Continue reading
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Contact Dr. Said El Mansour Cherkaoui: saidcherkaoui@triconsultingkyoto.com Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Works on Africa – Afrique 🌍 Said El Mansour Cherkaoui ★ Africa ★ Afrique…
Startups in Africa May 25, 2022 Financing Startups in Africa January 26, 2022 Starts Speaking up of Startups in Africa January 17, 2022 US Certification…
Africa – Morocco – Europe: New Electrifying Power and Energizing Multipolar Connections Europa Energizing Africa October 12, 2022 Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Collected Publications on Europe…
Chris O. Ògúnmọ́dẹdé @Illustrious_Cee It occurred to me while writing this week’s newsletter that there’s been at least one visit to the continent by a…
29 juillet 2022 Diplomatic Valse around Africa and Target of East and West Charms The Russia – Ukraine conflict had also exacerbated the competition in…
Rédigé comme réponse par Said El Mansour Cherkaoui – Said Cherkaoui – le 7 Mars, 2023 CHEGNIMONHAN, tu te réfères a l’indépendance, quelle indépendance tu…
Gold dinar, Spain, Almoravides. Yusuf ben Tasfin (1087-1106), struck at Segilmesa (Sijilmasa) in 480 AH (1087 A D). Compilation of various articles and different analyses…
Most French-speaking African countries are known to print their money with France’s central bank and with the French printing company Oberthur Fiduciaire. 14 african countries are obliged…
32 days left before the 
Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors from 189 delegations, as well as representatives of the private sector and NGOs will attend the 
Globalisation of Drinks and Fastfood and Poverty Internationalisation of Canvas and Subcapitalism Social Madness
African “Laureates” crossing the Sea
Said Cherkaoui 24 