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Moorish Agreements with USA Government

Moorish Agreements

Moorish Agreements [ Back To Moorish Law Page ] MOORISH AGREEMENTS MADE WITH THE USA GOVERNMENT. Treaty of Peace and Friendship, with additional article; also Ship-Signals Agreement. The treaty was sealed at Morocco with the seal of the Emperor of Morocco June 23, 1786 (25 Shaban, A. H. 1200), and delivered to Thomas Barclay, American Agent, … Read more here below

[ Back To Moorish Law Page ] MOORISH AGREEMENTS MADE WITH THE USA GOVERNMENT.

Treaty of Peace and Friendship, with additional article; also Ship-Signals Agreement. The treaty was sealed at Morocco with the seal of the Emperor of Morocco June 23, 1786 (25 Shaban, A. H. 1200), and delivered to Thomas Barclay, American Agent, June 28, 1786 (1 Ramadan, A. H. 1200). Original in Arabic.

The additional article was signed and sealed at Morocco on behalf of Morocco July 15, 1786 (18 Ramadan, A. H. 1200). Original in Arabic. The Ship-Signals Agreement was signed at Morocco July 6, 1786 (9 Ramadan, A. H. 1200). Original in English.

Certified English translations of the treaty and of the additional article were incorporated in a document signed and sealed by the Ministers Plenipotentiary of the United States, Thomas Jefferson at Paris January 1, 1787, and John Adams at London January 25, 1787.

Treaty and additional article ratified by the United States July 18, 1787. As to the ratification generally, see the notes. Treaty and additional article proclaimed July 18, 1787.

Ship-Signals Agreement not specifically included in the ratification and not proclaimed; but copies ordered by Congress July 23, 1787, to be sent to the Executives of the States (Secret Journals of Congress, IV, 869; but see the notes as to this reference). [Certified Translation of the Treaty and of the Additional Article, with Approval by Jefferson and Adams)

To all Persons to whom these Presents shall come or be made known

– Whereas the United States of America in Congress assembled by their Commission bearing date the twelfth day of May One thousand Seven hundred and Eighty four thought proper to constitute John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson their Ministers Plenipotentiary, giving to them or a Majority of them full Powers to confer, treat & negotiate with the Ambassador, Minister or Commissioner of His Majesty the Emperor of Morocco concerning a Treaty of Amity and Commerce, to make & receive propositions for such Treaty and to conclude and sign the same, transmitting it to the United States in Congress assembled for their final Ratification, And by one other (commission bearing date the Eleventh day of March One thousand Seven hundred & Eighty five did further empower the said Ministers Plenipotentiary or a majority of them, by writing under the* hands and Seals to appoint such Agent in the said Business as they might think proper with Authority under the directions and Instructions of the said Ministers to commence & prosecute the said Negotiations & Conferences for the said Treaty provided that the said Treaty should be signed by the said Ministers: And Whereas, We the said John Adams & Thomas Jefferson two of the said Ministers Plenipotentiary (the said Benjamin Franklin being absent) by writing under the Hand and Seal of the said John Adams at London October the fifth, One thousand Seven hundred and Eighty five, & of the said Thomas Jefferson at Paris October the Eleventh of the same Year, did appoint Thomas Barclay, Agent in the Business aforesaid, giving him the Powers therein, which by the said second Commission we were authorized to give, and the said Thomas Barclay in pursuance thereof, hath arranged Articles for a Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the United States of America and His Majesty the Emperor of Morocco, which Articles written in the Arabic Language, confirmed by His said Majesty the Emperor of Morocco & seal’d with His Royal Seal, being translated into the Language of the said United States of America, together with the Attestations thereto annexed are in the following Words, To Wit.

In the name of Almighty God,

This is a Treaty of Peace and Friendship established between us and the United States of America, which is confirmed, and which we have ordered to be written in this Book and sealed with our Royal Seal at our Court of Morocco on the twenty fifth day of the blessed Month of Shaban, in the Year One thousand two hundred, trusting in God it will remain permanent.

1. We declare that both Parties have agreed that this Treaty consisting of twenty five Articles shall be inserted in this Book and delivered to the Honorable Thomas Barclay, the Agent of the United States now at our Court, with whose Approbation it has been made and who is duly authorized on their Part, to treat with us concerning all the Matters contained therein.

2. If either of the Parties shall be at War with any Nation whatever, the other Party shall not take a Commission from the Enemy nor fight under their Colors.

3. If either of the Parties shall be at War with any Nation whatever and take a Prize belonging to that Nation, and there shall be found on board Subjects or Effects belonging to either of the Parties, the Subjects shall be set at Liberty and the Effects returned to the Owners. And if any Goods belonging to any Nation, with whom either of the Parties shall be at War, shall be loaded on Vessels belonging to the other Party, they shall pass free and unmolested without any attempt being made to take or detain them.

4. A Signal or Pass shall be given to all Vessels belonging to both Parties, by which they are to be known when they meet at Sea, and if the Commander of a Ship of War of either Party shall have other Ships under his Convoy, the Declaration of the Commander shall alone be sufficient to exempt any of them from examination.

5. If either of the Parties shall be at War, and shall meet a Vessel at Sea, belonging to the other, it is agreed that if an examination is to be made, it shall be done by sending a Boat with two or three Men only, and if any Gun shall be Bred and injury done without Reason, the offending Party shall make good all damages.

6. If any Moor shall bring Citizens of the United States or their Effects to His Majesty, the Citizens shall immediately be set at Liberty and the Effects restored, and in like Manner, if any Moor not a Subject of these Dominions shall make Prize of any of the Citizens of America or their Effects and bring them into any of the Ports of His Majesty, they shall be immediately released, as they will then be considered as under His Majesty’s Protection.

7. If any Vessel of either Party shall put into a Port of the other and have occasion for Provisions or other Supplies, they shall be furnished without any interruption or molestation.

If any Vessel of the United States shall meet with a Disaster at Sea and put into one of our Ports to repair, she shall be at Liberty to land and reload her cargo, without paying any Duty whatever.

8. If any Vessel of the United States shall be cast on Shore on any Part of our Coasts, she shall remain at the disposition of the Owners and no one shall attempt going near her without their Approbation, as she is then considered particularly under our Protection; and if any Vessel of the United States shall be forced to put into our Ports, by Stress of weather or otherwise, she shall not be compelled to land her Cargo, but shall remain in tranquillity untill the Commander shall think proper to proceed on his Voyage.

9. If any Vessel of either of the Parties shall have an engagement with a Vessel belonging to any of the Christian Powers within gunshot of the Forts of the other, the Vessel so engaged shall be defended and protected as much as possible untill she is in safety; And if any American Vessel shall be cast on shore on the Coast of Wadnoon (1) or any coast thereabout, the People belonging to her shall be protected, and assisted untill by the help of God, they shall be sent to their Country.

10. If we shall be at War with any Christian Power and any of our Vessels sail from the Ports of the United States, no Vessel belonging to the enemy shall follow untill twenty four hours after the Departure of our Vessels; and the same Regulation shall be observed towards the American Vessels sailing from our Ports.-be their enemies Moors or Christians.

11. If any Ship of War belonging to the United States shall put into any of our Ports, she shall not be examined on any Pretence whatever, even though she should have fugitive Slaves on Board, nor shall the Governor or Commander of the Place compel them to be brought on Shore on any pretext, nor require any payment for them.

12. If a Ship of War of either Party shall put into a Port of the other and salute, it shall be returned from the Fort, with an equal Number of Guns, not with more or less.

13. The Commerce with the United States shall be on the same footing as is the Commerce with Spain or as that with the most favored Nation for the time being and their Citizens shall be respected and esteemed and have full Liberty to pass and repass our Country and Sea Ports whenever they please without interruption.

14. Merchants of both Countries shall employ only such interpreters, & such other Persons to assist them in their Business, as they shall think proper. No Commander of a Vessel shall transport his Cargo on board another Vessel, he shall not be detained in Port, longer than he may think proper, and all persons employed in loading or unloading Goods or in any other Labor whatever, shall be paid at the Customary rates, not more and not less.

15. In case of a War between the Parties, the Prisoners are not to be made Slaves, but to be exchanged one for another, Captain for Captain, Officer for Officer and one private Man for another; and if there shall prove a deficiency on either side, it shall be made up by the payment of one hundred Mexican Dollars for each Person wanting; And it is agreed that all Prisoners shall be exchanged in twelve Months from the Time of their being taken, and that this exchange may be effected by a Merchant or any other Person authorized by either of the Parties.

16. Merchants shall not be compelled to buy or Sell any kind of Goods but such as they shall think proper; and may buy and sell all sorts of Merchandise but such as are prohibited to the other Christian Nations.

17. All goods shall be weighed and examined before they are sent on board, and to avoid all detention of Vessels, no examination shall afterwards be made, unless it shall first be proved, that contraband Goods have been sent on board, in which Case the Persons who took the contraband Goods on board shall be punished according to the Usage and Custom of the Country and no other Person whatever shall be injured, nor shall the Ship or Cargo incur any Penalty or damage whatever.

18. No vessel shall be detained in Port on any presence whatever, nor be obliged to take on board any Article without the consent of the Commander, who shall be at full Liberty to agree for the Freight of any Goods he takes on board.

19. If any of the Citizens of the United States, or any Persons under their Protection, shall have any disputes with each other, the Consul shall decide between the Parties and whenever the Consul shall require any Aid or Assistance from our Government to enforce his decisions it shall be immediately granted to him.

20. If a Citizen of the United States should kill or wound a Moor, or on the contrary if a Moor shall kill or wound a Citizen of the United States, the Law of the Country shall take place and equal Justice shall be rendered, the Consul assisting at the Tryal, and if any Delinquent shall make his escape, the Consul shall not be answerable for him in any manner whatever.

21. If an American Citizen shall die in our Country and no Will shall appear, the Consul shall take possession of his Effects, and if there shall be no Consul, the Effects shall be deposited in the hands of some Person worthy of Trust, untill the Party shall appear who has a Right to demand them, but if the Heir to the Person deceased be present, the Property shall be delivered to him without interruption; and if a Will shall appear, the Property shall descend agreeable to that Will, as soon as the Consul shall declare the Validity thereof.

22. The Consuls of the United States of America shall reside in any Sea Port of our Dominions that they shall think proper; And they shall be respected and enjoy all the Privileges which the Consuls of any other Nation enjoy, and if any of the Citizens of the United States shall contract any Debts or engagements, the Consul shall not be in any Manner accountable for them, unless he shall have given a Promise in writing for the payment or fulfilling thereof, without which promise in Writing no Application to him for any redress shall be made.

23. If any differences shall arise by either Party infringing on any of the Articles of this Treaty, Peace and Harmony shall remain notwithstanding in the fullest force, untill a friendly Application shall be made for an Arrangement, and untill that Application shall be rejected, no appeal shall be made to Arms. And if a War shall break out between the Parties, Nine Months shall be granted to all the Subjects of both Parties, to dispose of their Effects and retire with their Property. And it is further declared that whatever indulgences in Trade or otherwise shall be granted to any of the Christian Powers, the Citizens of the United States shall be equally entitled to them.

24. This Treaty shall continue in full Force, with the help of God for Fifty Years.

We have delivered this Book into the Hands of the before-mentioned Thomas Barclay on the first day of the blessed Month of Ramadan, in the Year One thousand two hundred.

I certify that the annex’d is a true Copy of the Translation made by Issac Cardoza Nunez, Interpreter at Morocco, of the treaty between the Emperor of Morocco and the United States of America.

Treaty of Peace and Friendship in Arabic
Morocco is one of the first countries to recognize the independence of the United States as the Sultan Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdullah issued a declaration in 1777 allowing American ships access to Moroccan ports. In 1787 a Treaty of peace and friendship was signed in Marrakech and ratified in 1836. It is still in force making it the longest unbroken treaty in the U.S history.
The U.S had also its first consulate in Tangier in 1797 in a building given by the sultan Moulay Sliman. It is the oldest U.S diplomatic property in the world.
Below is the Treaty called the “Marrakech Treaty” in its original form as was written in 1786.

“This is a Treaty of Peace and Friendship established between Morocco and the United States of America, which is confirmed, and which we have ordered to be written in this Book and sealed with our Royal Seal at our Court of Morocco on the twenty fifth day of the blessed Month of Shaban, in the Year One thousand two hundred, trusting in God it will remain permanent” The Sultan Mohammed Ben Abdullah.

2. If one of the Parties shall be at War with any Nation whatsoever, the other Party shall not take a Commission either from the Enemy nor fight under their Colors.

3. If either of the Parties shall be at War with any Nation whatever and take a Prize belonging to that Nation, and there shall be found on board Subjects or Effects belonging to of the Parties, the Subjects shall be set at Liberty and the Effects returned to the Owners. In addition, if any Goods belonging to any Nation, with whom either of the Parties shall be at War, shall be loaded on Vessels belonging to the other Party, they shall pass free and unmolested without any attempt being made to take or detain them. The United States of America was never Christian Nation- Here is my legal Proof.

One of the hard facts of life is that the United States of America is not a Christian Nation. The following Treaty was made by the United States of America with the Barbary Pirates. It passed the 5th Congress without a hitch. Article 11 was made part of the record to convince the Muslims that the United States of America is not a Christian Nation, and therefore peace could be established between the two nations.

TREATIES AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
1776-1949

Compiled under the direction of
CHARLES I. BEVANS, LL.B.
Assistant Legal Adviser, Department of State

Volume II
PHILIPPINES-
UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC

DEPARTMENT OF STATE PUBLICATION 8728
Released February 1974

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. 20402 – Price $14.35
pages 1070 – 1074

Tripoli
PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP

Treaty signed at Tripoli November 4, 1796, and at Algiers January 3, 1797
Senate advice and consent to ratification June 7, 1797
Ratified by the President of the United States June 10, 1797
Entered into force June 10, 1797
Proclaimed by the President of the United States June 10, 1797
Superseded April 17, 1806, by treaty of June, 4, 18051
8 Stat. 154; Treaty Series 3582[TRANSLATION of 1796]3
TREATY OF PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE BEY AND SUBJECTS OF TRIPOLI OF BARBARY

ARTICLE 1
There is a firm and perpetual Peace and friendship between the United States of America and the Bey and subjects of Tripoli of Barbary, made by the free consent of both parties, and guaranteed by the most potent Dey & regency of Algiers.

ARTICLE 2
If any goods belonging to any nation with which either of the parties is at war shall be loaded on board of vessels belonging to the other party they shall pass free, and no attempt shall be made to take or detain them.

ARTICLE 3
If any citizens, subjects or effects belonging to either party shall be found on board a prize vessel taken from an enemy by the other party, such citizens or subjects shall be set at liberty, and the effects restored to the owners.

ARTICLE 4
Proper passports are to be given to all vessels of both parties, by which they are to be known. And, considering the distance between the two countries, eighteen months from the date of this treaty shall be allowed for procuring such passports. During this interval the other papers belonging to such vessels shall be sufficient for their protection.

ARTICLE 5
A citizen or subject of either party having bought a prize vessel condemned by the other party or by any other nation, the certificate of condemnation and bill of sale shall be a sufficient passport for such vessel for one year; this being a reasonable time for her to procure a proper passport.

ARTICLE 6
Vessels of either party putting into the ports of the other and having need of provisions or other supplies, they shall be furnished at the market price. And if any such vessel shall so put in from a disaster at sea and have occasion to repair, she shall be at liberty to land and reembark her cargo without paying any duties. But in no case shall she be compelled to land her cargo.

ARTICLE 7
Should a vessel of either party be cast on the shore of the other, all proper assistance shall be given to her and her people; no pillage shall be allowed; the property shall remain at the disposition of the owners, and the crew protected and succoured till they can be sent to their country.

ARTICLE 8
If a vessel of either party should be attacked by an enemy within gun-shot of the forts of the other she shall be defended as much as possible. If she be in port she shall not be seized or attacked when it is in the power of the other party to protect her. And when she proceeds to sea no enemy shall be allowed to pursue her from the same port within twenty four hours after her departure.

ARTICLE 9
The commerce between the United States and Tripoli, – the protection to be given to merchants, masters of vessels and seamen, – the reciprocal right of establishing consuls in each country, and the privileges, immunities and jurisdictions to be enjoyed by such consuls, are declared to be on the same footing with those of the most favoured nations respectively.

ARTICLE 10
The money and presents demanded by the Bey of Tripoli as a full and satisfactory consideration on his part and on the part of his subjects for this treaty of perpetual peace and friendship are acknowledged to have been received by him previous to his signing the same, according to a receipt which is hereto annexed, except such part as is promised on the part of the United States to be delivered and paid by them on the arrival of their Consul in Tripoli, of which part a note is likewise hereto annexed. And no pretence of any periodical tribute or farther payment is ever to be made by either party.

ARTICLE 11
As the government of the United States of America is not in any sense founded on the Christian Religion,4 – as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws, religion or tranquility of Musselmen, – and as the said States never have entered into any war or act of hostility against any Mehomitan nation, it is declared by the parties that no pretext arising from religious opinions shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between the two countries.

ARTICLE 12
In case of any dispute arising from a violation of any of the articles of this treaty no appeal shall be made to arms, nor shall war be declared on any pretext whatever. But if the Consul residing at the place where the dispute shall happen shall not be able to settle the same, an amicable reference shall be made to the mutual friend of the parties, the Dey of Algiers, the parties hereby engaging to abide by his decision. And he by virtue of his signature to this treaty engages for himself and successors to declare the justice of the case according to the true interpretation of the treaty, and to use all the means in his power to enforce the observance of the same.

Signed and sealed at Tripoli of Barbary the 3d day of Jumad in the year of the Higera 1211 – corresponding with the 4th day of Novr 1796 by

JUSSUF BASHAW MAHOMET Bey SOLIMAN Kaya
MAMET – Treasurer GALIL – Genl of the Troops
AMET – Minister of Marine MAHOMET – Comt of the city
AMET – Chamberlain MAMET – Secretary
ALLY – Chief of the Divan

Signed and sealed at Algiers the 4th day of Argib 1211 – corresponding with the 3d day of January 1797 by HASSAN BASHAW Dey
and by the Agent plenipotentiary of the United States of America JOEL BARLOW [SEAL]

[THE “RECEIPT”]
Praise be to God & c-
The present writing done by our hand and delivered to the American Captain OBrien makes known that he has delivered to us forty thousand Spanish dollars, – thirteen watches of gold, silver & pins-back, – five rings, of which three of diamonds, one of saphire and one with a watch in it, – one hundred & forty piques of cloth, and four caftans of brocade, – and these on account of the peace concluded with the Americans.
Given at Tripoli in Barbary the 20th day of Jumad 1211, corresponding with the 21st day of Novr 1796 –
JUSSUF BASHAW – Bey
whom God Exalt
The foregoing is a true copy of the receipt given by Jussuf Bashaw – Bey of Tripoli –
HASSAN BASHAW – Dey of Algiers
The foregoing is a literal translation of the writing in Arabic on the opposite page
JOEL BARLOW[THE “NOTE”]

On the arrival of a consul of the United States in Tripoli he is to deliver to Jussuf Bashaw Bey –

twelve thousand Spanish dollars
five hawsers – 8 Inch
three cables – 10 Inch
twenty five barrels tar
twenty five do pitch
ten do rosin
five hundred pine boards
five hundred oak do
ten masts (without any measure mentioned, suppose for vessels from 2 to 300 ton)
twelve yards
fifty bolts canvas
four anchors
And these when delivered are to be in full of all demands on his part or on that of his successors from the United States according as it is expressed in the tenth article of the following treaty. And no farther demand of tributes, presents or payments shall ever be made.
Translated from the Arabic on the opposite page, which is signed & sealed by Hassan Bashaw Dey of Algiers – the 4th day of Argib 1211 – or the 3d day of Jany 1797 – by –

JOEL BARLOW [APPROVAL OF U.S. MINISTER AT LISBON]

To all to whom these Presents shall come or be made known.
Whereas the Underwritten David Humphreys hath been duly appointed Commissioner Plenipotentiary by Letters Patent, under the Signature of the President and Seal of the United States of America, dated the 30th of March 1795, for negociating and concluding a Treaty of Peace with the Most Illustrious the Bashaw, Lords and Governors of the City & Kingdom of Tripoli; whereas by a Writing under his Hand and Seal dated the 10th of February 1796, he did (in conformity to the authority committed to me therefor) constitute and appoint Joel Barlow and Joseph Donaldson Junior Agents jointly and seperately in the business aforesaid; whereas the annexed Treaty of Peace and Friendship was agreed upon, signed and sealed at Tripoli of Barbary on the 4th of November 1796, in virtue of the Powers aforesaid and guaranteed by the Most potent Dey and Regency of Algiers; and whereas the same was certified at Algiers on the 3d of January 1797, with the Signature and Seal of Hassan Bashaw Dey, and of Joel Barlow one of the Agents aforesaid, in the absence of the other.
Now Know ye, that I David Humphreys Commissioner Plenipotentiary aforesaid, do approve and conclude the said Treaty, and every article and clause therein contained, reserving the same nevertheless for the final Ratification of the President of the United States of America, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate of the said United States.
In testimony whereof I have signed the same with my Name and Seal, at the City of Lisbon this 10th of February 1797.

DAVID HUMPHREYS [SEAL] [United States Minister at Lisbon]

1 TS 359, post, p. 1081.
2 For a detailed study of this treaty, see 2 Miller 349.
3 This translation from the Arabic by Joel Barlow, Consul General at Algiers, has been printed in all official and unofficial treaty collections since it first appeared in 1797 in the Session Laws of the Fifth Congress, first session. In a “Note Regarding the Barlow Translation” Hunter Miller stated: “. . . Most extraordinary (and wholly unexplained) is the fact that Article 11 of the Barlow translation, with its famous phrase, ‘the government of the United States of America is not in any sense founded on the Christian Religion.’ does not exist at all. There is no Article 11. The Arabic text which is between Articles 10 and 12 is in form a letter, crude and flamboyant and withal quite unimportant, from the Dey of Algiers to the Pasha of Tripoli. How that script came to be written and to be regarded, as in the Barlow translation, as Article 11 of the treaty as there written, is a mystery and seemingly must remain so. Nothing in the diplomatic correspondence of the time throws any light whatever on the point.” (2 Miller 384.)
The Miller edition also contains an annotated translation from the original Arabic made in 1930 by Dr. C. Snouck Hurgronje of Leiden; for text, see p. 1075.
4 See footnote 3, p. 1070.

MANY OF YOU NEVER KNOWN THE RELATIONSHIP WITH THE MOORISH EMPIRE. THE SCHOOLS and ISLAMIC MOVEMENTS HAVE KEPT THIS A SECRET.
Office of the Historian – U.S. Department of State

Morocco and the United States have a long history of friendly relations. This North African nation was one of the first states to seek diplomatic relations with America. In 1777, Sultan Sidi Muhammad Ben Abdullah, the most progressive of the Barbary leaders who ruled Morocco from 1757 to 1790, announced his desire for friendship with the United States. The Sultan’s overture was part of a new policy he was implementing as a result of his recognition of the need to establish peaceful relations with the Christian powers and his desire to establish trade as a basic source of revenue. Faced with serious economic and political difficulties, he was searching for a new method of governing which required changes in his economy. Instead of relying on a standing professional army to collect taxes and enforce his authority, he wanted to establish state-controlled maritime trade as a new, more reliable, and regular source of income which would free him from dependency on the services of the standing army. The opening of his ports to America and other states was part of that new policy.

The Sultan issued a declaration on December 20, 1777, announcing that all vessels sailing under the American flag could freely enter Moroccan ports. The Sultan stated that orders had been given to his corsairs to let the ship “des Americains” and those of other European states with which Morocco had no treaties-Russia Malta, Sardinia, Prussia, Naples, Hungary, Leghorn, Genoa, and Germany-pass freely into Moroccan ports. There they could “take refreshments” and provisions and enjoy the same privileges as other nations that had treaties with Morocco. This action, under the diplomatic practice of Morocco at the end of the 18th century, put the United States on an equal footing with all other nations with which the Sultan had treaties. By issuing this declaration, Morocco became one of the first states to acknowledge publicly the independence of the American Republic.

On February 2O, l778, the sultan of Morocco reissued his December 20, 1777, declaration. American officials, however, only belatedly learned of the Sultan’s full intentions. Nearly identical to the first, the February 20 declaration was again sent to all consuls and merchants in the ports of Tangier, Sale, and Mogador informing them the Sultan had opened his ports to Americans and nine other European States. Information about the Sultan’s desire for friendly relations with the United States first reached Benjamin Franklin, one of the American commissioners in Paris, sometime in late April or early May 1778 from Etienne d’Audibert Caille, a French merchant of Sale. Appointed by the Sultan to serve as Consul for all the nations unrepresented in Morocco, Caille wrote on behalf of the Sultan to Franklin from Cadiz on April 14, 1778, offering to negotiate a treaty between Morocco and the United States on the same terms the Sultan had negotiated with other powers. When he did not receive a reply, Caille wrote Franklin a second letter sometime later that year or in early 1779. When Franklin wrote to the committee on Foreign Affairs in May 1779, he reported he had received two letters from a Frenchman who “offered to act as our Minister with the Emperor” and informed the American commissioner that “His Imperial Majesty wondered why we had never sent to thank him for being the first power on this side of the Atlantic that had acknowledged our independence and opened his ports to us.” Franklin, who did not mention the dates of Caille’s letters or when he had received them, added that he had ignored these letters because the French advised him that Caille was reputed to be untrustworthy. Franklin stated that the French King was willing to use his good offices with the Sultan whenever Congress desired a treaty and concluded, “whenever a treaty with the Emperor is intended, I suppose some of our naval stores will be an acceptable present and the expectation of continued supplies of such stores a powerful motive for entering into and continuing a friendship.”

Since the Sultan received no acknowledgement of his good will gestures by the fall of 1 779, he made another attempt to contact the new American government. Under instructions from the Moroccan ruler, Caille wrote a letter to Congress in September 1779 in care of Franklin in Paris to announce his appointment as Consul and the Sultan’s desire to be at peace with the United States. The Sultan, he reiterated, wished to conclude a treaty “similar to those Which the principal maritime powers have with him.” Americans were invited to “come and traffic freely in these ports in like manner as they formerly did under the English flag.” Caille also wrote to John Jay, the American representative at Madrid, on April 21,1780, asking for help in conveying the Sultan’s message to Congress and enclosing a copy of Caille’s commission from the Sultan to act as Consul for all nations that had none in Morocco, as well as a copy of the February 20, 1778, declaration. Jay received that letter with enclosures in May 1780, but because it was not deemed to be of great importance, he did not forward it and its enclosures to Congress until November 30, 1 780.

Before Jay’s letter with the enclosures from Caille reached Congress, Samuel Huntington, President of Congress, made the first official response to the Moroccan overtures in a letter of November 28,1780, to Franklin. Huntington wrote that Congress had received a letter from Caille, and asked Franklin to reply. Assure him, wrote Huntington, “in the name of Congress and in terms most respectful to the Emperor that we entertain a sincere disposition to cultivate the most perfect friendship with him, and are desirous to enter into a treaty of commerce with him; and that we shall embrace a favorable opportunity to announce our wishes in form.”

The U.S. Government sent its first official communication to the Sultan of Morocco in December 1780. It read:
We the Congress of the 13 United States of North America, have been informed of your Majesty’s favorable regard to the interests of the people we represent, which has been communicated by Monsieur Etienne d’Audibert Caille of Sale, Consul of Foreign nations unrepresented in your Majesty’s states. We assure you of our earnest desire to cultivate a sincere and firm peace and friendship with your Majesty and to make it lasting to all posterity. Should any of the subjects of our states come within the ports of your Majesty’s territories, we flatter ourselves they will receive the benefit of your protection and benevolence. You may assure yourself of every protection and assistance to your subjects from the people of these states whenever and wherever they may have it in their power. We pray your Majesty may enjoy long life and uninterrupted prosperity.

No action was taken either by Congress or the Sultan for over 2 years. The Americans, preoccupied with the war against Great Britain, directed their diplomacy at securing arms, money, military support, and recognition from France, Spain, and the Netherlands and eventually sought peace with England. Moreover, Sultan Sidi Muhammad and more pressing concerns and focused on his relations with the European powers, especially Spain and Britain over the question of Gibraltar. From 1778 to 1782, the Moroccan leader also turned to domestic difficulties resulting from drought and famine, and unpopular food tax, food shortages and inflation of food prices, trade problems, and a disgruntled military.

The American commissioners in Paris, John Adams, Jay, and Franklin urged Congress in September 1783 to take some action in negotiating a treaty with Morocco. “The Emperor of Morocco has manifested a very friendly disposition towards us,” they wrote. “He expects and is reading to receive a Minister from us; and as he may be succeeded by a prince differently disposed, a treaty with him may be of importance. Our trade to the Mediterranean will not be inconsiderable, and the friendship of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli may become very interesting in case the Russians should succeed in their endeavors to navigate freely into it by Constantinople.”

Congress finally acted in the spring of 1784. On May 7, Congress authorized its Ministers in Paris, Franklin, Jay, and Adams, to conclude treaties of amity and commerce with Russia, Austria, Prussia, Denmark, Saxony, Hamburg, great Britain, Spain, Portugal, Genoa, Tuscany, Rome, Naples, Venice, Sardinia, and the Ottoman Porte as well as the Barbary States of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. The treaties with the Barbary States were to be in force for 10 years or longer. The commissioners were instructed to inform the Sultan of Morocco of the “great satisfaction which Congress feels from the amicable disposition he has shown towards these states.” They were asked to state that “the occupations of the war and distance of our situation have prevented our meeting his friendship so early as we wished.” A few days later, commissions were given to the three men to negotiate the treaties.

Continued delays by American officials exasperated the sultan and prompted him to take more drastic action to gain their attention. On October 11,1784, the Moroccans captured the American merchant ship, Betsey. After the ship and crew were taken to Tangier, he announced that he would release the men, ship, and cargo once a treaty with the United States was concluded. Accordingly, preparation for negotiations with Morocco began in 1785. On March 1 Congress authorized the commissioners to delegate to some suitable agent the authority to negotiate treaties with the Barbary States. The agent was required to follow the commissioners’ instructions and to submit the negotiated treaty to them for approval. Congress also empowered the commissioners to spend a maximum of 80,000 dollars to conclude treaties with these states. Franklin left Paris on July 12, 1785, to return to the United States, 3 days after the Sultan released the Betsey and its crew. Thomas Jefferson became Minister to France and thereafter negotiations were conducted by Adams in London and Jefferson in Paris. On October 11, 1785, the commissioners appointed Thomas Barclay, American Consul in Paris, to negotiate a treaty with Morocco on the basis of a draft treaty drawn up by the commissioners. That same day the commissioners appointed Thomas Lamb as special agent to negotiate a treaty with Algiers. Barclay was given a maximum of 20,000 dollars for the treaty and instructed to gather information concerning the commerce, ports, naval and land forces, languages, religion, and government as well as evidence of Europeans attempting to obstruct American negotiations with the Barbary States.

Barclay left Paris on January 15, 1 786, and after several stops, including 21/2 months in Madrid, arrived in Marrakech on June 19. While the French offered some moral support to the United States in their negotiations with Morocco, it was the Spanish government that furnished substantial backing in the form of letters from the Spanish King and Prime Minister to the Sultan of Morocco. After a cordial welcome, Barclay conducted the treaty negotiations in two audiences with Sidi Muhammad and Tahir Fannish, a leading Moroccan diplomat from a Morisco family in Sale who headed the negotiations. The earlier proposals drawn up by the American commissioners in Paris became the basis for the treaty. While the Emperor opposed several articles, the final form contained in substance all that the Americans requested. When asked about tribute, Barclay stated that he “had to offer to His Majesty the friendship of the United States and to receive his in return, to form a treaty with him on liberal and equal terms. But if any engagements for future presents or tributes were necessary, I must return without any treaty.” The Moroccan leader accepted Barclay’s declaration that the United States would offer friendship but no tribute for the treaty, and the question of presents or tribute was not raised again. Barclay accepted no favor except the ruler’s promise to send letters to Constantinople, Tunisia, Tripoli, and Algiers recommending they conclude treaties with the United States.

Barclay and the Moroccans quickly reached agreement on the Treaty of Friendship and Amity. Also called the Treaty of Marrakech, it was sealed by the Emperor on June 23 and delivered to Barclay to sign on June 28. In addition, a separate ship seals agreement, providing for the identification at sea of American and Moroccan vessels, was signed at Marrakech on July 6,1786. Binding for 50 years, the Treaty was signed by Thomas Jefferson at Paris on January 1, 1787, and John Adams at London on January 25, 1787, and was ratified by Congress on July 18, 1787. The negotiation of this treaty marked the beginning of diplomatic relations between the two countries and it was the first treaty between any Arab, Muslim, or African State and the United States.

Congress found the treaty with Morocco highly satisfactory and passed a note of thanks to Barclay and to Spain for help in the negotiations. Barclay had reported fully on the amicable negotiations and written that the king of Morocco had “acted in a manner most gracious and condescending, and I really believe the Americans possess as much of his respect and regard as does any Christian nation whatsoever.” Barclay portrayed the King as “a just man, according to this idea of justice, of great personal courage, liberal to a degree, a lover of his people, stern” and “rigid in distributing justice.” The Sultan sent a friendly letter to the President of Congress with the treaty and included another from the Moorish minister, Sidi Fennish, which was highly complimentary of Barclay.

The United States established a consulate in Morocco in 1797. President Washington had requested funds for this post in a message to Congress on March 2, 1795, and James Simpson, the U.S. Consul at Gibraltar who was appointed to this post, took up residence in Tangier 2 years later. Sultan Sidi Muhammad’s successor, Sultan Moulay Soliman, had recommended to Simpson the establishment of a consulate because he believed it would provide greater protection for American vessels. In 1821, the Moroccan leader gave the United States one of the most beautiful buildings in Tangier for its consular representative. This building served as the seat of the principal U.S. representative to Morocco until 1956 and is the oldest piece of property owned by the United States abroad.

U. S.-Moroccan relations from 1777 to 1787 reflected the international and economic concerns of these two states in the late 18th century. The American leaders and the Sultan signed the 1786 treaty, largely for economic reasons, but also realized that a peaceful relationship would aid them in their relations with other powers. The persistent friendliness of Sultan Sidi Muhammad to the young republic, in spite of the fact that his overtures were initially ignored, was the most important factor in the establishment of this relationship.

THIS IS LEGAL RECORD FOR YOU TO KNOW THAT EVEN THE DEY DECLARED WAR WITH THE UNION. AS C.M. Bey says, Here is my legal proof.

CONGRESSIONAL RECORD HOUSE January 24, 1996

the problem he noted: Considering that Congress alone is constitutionally invested with the power of changing our condition from peace to war, I have thought it my duty to await their authority for using force in any degree which could be avoided.

1 Richardson 377. Military conflicts in the Mediterranean continued after Jefferson left office. The Dey of Algiers made war against U.S. citizens trading in that region and kept some in captivity. With the conclusion of the War of 1812 with England, President Madison recommended to Congress in 1815 that it declare war on Algiers: I recommend to Congress the expediency of an act declaring the existence of a state of war between the United States and the Dey and Regency of Algiers, and of such provisions as may be requisite for a vigorous prosecution of it to a successful issue.

2 Richardson 539. Instead of a declaration of war, Congress passed legislation for the protection of the commerce of the United States against the Algerine cruisers. The first line of the statute read: ‘‘Whereas the Dey of Algiers, on the coast of Barbary, has commenced a predatory warfare against the United States. . . . Congress gave Madison authority to use armed vessels for the purpose of protecting the commerce of U.S. seamen on the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and adjoining seas. U.S. vessels (both governmental and private) could subdue, seize, and make prize of all vessels, goods and effects of or belonging to the Dey of Algiers. 3 Stat. 230 (1815). An American flotilla set sail for Algiers, where it captured two of the Dey ships and forced him to stop the piracy, release all captives, and renounce the practice of annual tribute payments. Similar treaties were obtained from Tunis and Tripoli. By the end of 1815, Madison could report to Congress on the successful termination of the war with Algiers.

LEGISLATIVE CONTROLS ON PROSPECTIVE ACTIONS

Can Congress only authorize and declare war, or may it also establish limits on prospective presidential actions? The statutes authorizing President Washington to protect the inhabitants of the frontiers from hostile incursions of the Indians were interpreted by the Washington administration as authority for defensive, not offensive, actions.

1 Stat. 96, § 5 (1789); 1 Stat. 121, § 16 (1790); 1 Stat. 222 (1791). Secretary of War Henry Knox wrote to Governor Blount on October 9, 1792: The Congress which possess the powers of declaring War will assemble on the 5th of next Month Until their judgments shall be made known it seems essential to confine all your operations to defensive measures. 4 The Territorial Papers of the United States 196 (Clarence Edwin Carter ed. 1936). President Washington consistently held to this policy. Writing in 1793, he said that any offensive operations against the Creek Nation must await congressional action: The Constitution vests the power of declaring war with Congress; therefore no offensive expedition of importance can be undertaken until after they have deliberated upon the subject, and authorized such a measure. 33 The Writings of George Washington 73. The statute in 1792, upon which President Washington relied for his actions in the Whiskey Rebellion, conditioned the use of military force by the President upon an unusual judicial check. The legislation said that whenever the United States shall be invaded, or be in imminent danger of invasion from any foreign nation or Indian tribe, the President may call forth the state militias to repel such invasions and to suppress insurrections. 1 Stat. 264, § 1 (1792). However, whenever federal laws were opposed and their execution obstructed in any state, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or by the powers vested in the marshals by this act, the President would have to be first notified of that fact by an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court or by a federal district judge. Only after that notice could the President call forth the militia of the state to suppress the insurrection.

Id., § 2. In the legislation authorizing the Quasi-War of 1798, Congress placed limits on what President Adams could and could not do. One statute authorized him to seize vessels sailing to French ports. He acted beyond the terms of this statute by issuing an order directing American ships to capture vessels sailing to or from French ports. A naval captain followed his order by seizing a Danish ship sailing from a French port. He was sued for damages and the case came to the Supreme Court. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled for a unanimous Court that President Adams had exceeded his statutory authority. Little v. Barreme, 6 U.S. (2 Cr.) 169 (1804). The Neutrality Act of 1794 led to numerous cases before the federal courts. In one of the significant cases defining the power of Congress to restrict presidential war actions, a circuit court in 1806 reviewed the indictment of an individual who claimed that his military enterprise against Spain was begun, prepared, and set on foot with the knowledge and approbation of the executive department of the government. United States v. Smith, 27 Fed. Cas. 1192, 1229 (C.C.N.Y. 1806) (No. 16,342). The court repudiated his claim that a President could authorize military adventures that violated congressional policy. Executive officials were not at liberty to waive statutory provisions: if a private individual, even with the knowledge and approbation of this high and preeminent officer of our government [the President], should set on foot such a military expedition, how can be expect to be exonerated from the obligation of the law? The court said that the President cannot control the statute, nor dispense with its execution, and still less can he authorize a person to do what the law forbids. If he could, it would render the execution of the laws dependent on his will and pleasure; which is a doctrine that has not been set up, and will not meet with any supporters in our government. In this particular, the law is paramount. The President could not direct a citizen to conduct a war against a nation with whom the United States are at peace. Id. at 1230. The court asked: Does [the President] possess the power of making war? That power is exclusively vested in congress. . . . it is the exclusive province of Congress to change a state of peace in a state of war. Id. f

Estevanico Dorantes – Moro Mustapha Maure Zemmouri

Said El Mansour Cherkaoui

English Version et Version Francaise

Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca et Estevanico Mostapha Zemmouri  (1490-1557)

Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca est né vers 1490 près de Cadix, en Espagne. Ses parents étaient Francisco de Vera et Teresa Cabeza de Vaca. Cabeza a servi dans l’armée espagnole sous Charles Quint. Cabeza de Vaca est d’origine et de naissance noble et dans un tel milieu encore influencée par la culture des maures, il vit le jour en 1490 ​ a Jeréz de la Frontera, en Espagne. Juste deux ans avant le fameux voyage de Christophe Colomb vers l’Inde mais qui fut interrompu par la vue des rivages du nouveau monde.

Peu filtre de la vie de Cabeza de Vaca a part son passage et sa carrière dans l’armée. Par contre, les documents sur lui montre qu’au début de 1527, il est nommé comme second commandant d’une expédition royale sous les ordres de Panfilo de Narváez, qui a servi avec Cortez lors de la conquête du Mexique. Narváez a été chargé de coloniser la Floride. Cabeza de Vaca fut nommé en tant que trésorier de cette expéditions. Cette mission déclencha la renommée de Cabeza de Vaca dans les Amériques

http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/a_c/cabezadevaca.htm

En effet, le but de cette expédition était revendiquer d’officialiser l’appropriation au nom de la couronne espagnole la partie continentale entre la Floride et le Mexique de ce nouveau monde qui commence a attirer les convoitises des autres pays européens.

Le voyage de Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca demeure l’un des exploits les plus étonnants de l’exploration dans les Amériques et surtout en Amérique du Nord qui durant son voyage restait en grande partie encore inconnue et impénétrable.

Après leur flotte a été battue par un ouragan au large de Cuba, l’expédition a obtenu un nouveau bateau et partit pour la Floride. Ils débarquèrent en Mars 1528 près de ce qui est maintenant Tampa Bay, que le chef de l’expédition, Pánfilo de Narváez, a affirmé que la possession légale de l’empire espagnol.

En dépit de cette déclaration confiant, l’expédition était sur le point de catastrophe. La décision de Narváez de diviser ses forces terrestres et maritimes a prouvé une grave erreur, car les navires ont jamais été en mesure de rendez-vous avec l’expédition terrestre. Le parti bientôt dépassé la durée de son accueil avec les Indiens Apalachee du nord de la Floride en prenant leur otage leader. Expulsé et poursuivi par les Indiens, souffrant de nombreuses maladies, les membres survivants de l’expédition ont été réduits à se blottir dans un marais côtier et vivant hors de la chair de leurs chevaux. À la fin de 1528, ils ont construit plusieurs radeaux bruts des arbres et des peaux de chevaux et mettre à la voile, dans l’espoir de retourner à Cuba.

Les tempêtes, la soif et la faim avaient réduit l’expédition d’environ quatre-vingts survivants lorsqu’un ouragan déversés Cabeza de Vaca et ses compagnons sur la côte du Golfe près de ce qui est maintenant Galveston, Texas. Ils ont d’abord été accueillis, mais, comme Cabeza de Vaca était de se rappeler, «la moitié des indigènes sont morts d’une maladie des intestins et de nous blâmer. » Pour les quatre prochaines années, il et un nombre décroissant régulièrement de ses camarades vivaient dans le monde indigène complexe de ce qui est maintenant l’est du Texas, un monde dans lequel Cabeza se transforma d’un conquistador en un commerçant et un guérisseur.

En 1532, seulement trois autres membres de l’expédition d’origine étaient encore en vie – Alonso del Castillo Maldonando, Andrés Dorantes de Carranca et Estevan, un esclave africain. Avec Cabeza de Vaca, ils se dirigent maintenant l’ouest et au sud dans l’espoir d’atteindre l’avant-poste de l’Empire espagnol au Mexique, devenant les premiers hommes de l’Ancien Monde pour entrer dans l’Ouest américain. Leur itinéraire précis ne sont pas claires, mais ils ont apparemment voyagé à travers l’actuel Texas, peut-être dans le Nouveau-Mexique et de l’Arizona et à travers les provinces du nord du Mexique. En Juillet 1536, près de Culiacán dans l’actuelle Sinaloa, ils ont finalement rencontré un groupe de collègues espagnols qui étaient sur une expédition esclave prise. Comme se souvient Cabeza de Vaca, ses compatriotes étaient « abasourdi à la vue de moi, étrangement habillé et en compagnie d’Indiens. Ils se sont bornés à regarder pendant une longue période. »

Consterné par le traitement espagnol des Indiens, en 1537 Cabeza de Vaca est retourné en Espagne pour publier un compte rendu de ses expériences et d’exhorter une politique plus généreuse sur la couronne. Il a servi comme gouverneur territorial du Mexique, mais a rapidement été accusé de corruption, peut-être pour sa conduite éclairée envers les Indiens. Il est retourné en Espagne et a été condamné; un pardon 1552 lui a permis de devenir un juge à Séville, en Espagne, une position qu’il occupait jusqu’à sa mort en 1556 ou 1557.

Bouchaib Habbouli

Estevanico Dorantes – Moro Mustapha Maure Zemmouri

Estevanico et le Portugal au Maroc

Esteban Dorantes – Mustafa Estavanico Zemouri – Doukkalais – Maroc

Estevanico Dorantes – Moro Mustapha Maure Zemmouri

D Azemmour a Mexico: l’extraordinaire odyssée d’ESTEVANICO, premier Marocain a traverser l’Atlantique et l’Amérique

24 décembre 2008 par Eljadida.com

Mustapha Zemmouri est né à Azemmour et l’auteur de cette publication Said El Mansour Cherkaoui est né à El Jadida, anciennement nommée par les Français Mazagan et fondée par les Portugais et nommée Fortaleza Mazagao. La distance entre les deux n’est que de 6 milles et demi.

Nous sommes issus de la même région, de la même culture et des mêmes traditions historiques qui sont célèbres au Maroc sous le nom de Doukkala, une région unique en son genre où les hommes et les femmes de l’époque mesuraient 6 pieds et plus et étaient solidement bâtis étant donné que la terre est l’une des la plus fertile de tout le pays et, face à l’océan Atlantique, une deuxième réserve de bonté qu’une côte maritime peut offrir à ses habitants.

Voici ma publication sur notre Explorateur Principal qui fut le premier Africain à relier les côtes maritimes du Maroc – Espagne et Amérique du Nord faisant pont entre les deux façades de l’Océan Atlantique. Estevanico Dorantes – Mostafa Zemmouri a traversé le sud-ouest des États-Unis pour atteindre Mexico, devenant également le premier à explorer le côté nord du vice-royaume de Nueva Espana jusqu’au pays Zuni du sud-ouest de l’actuel Ouest américain de l’Arizona.

D’Azemmour a Mexico: L’extraordinaire odyssée D’ESTEVANICO, premier Marocain a traverser l’Atlantique et l’Amérique

L’une des pages les plus fascinantes de l’histoire américaine a débuté ici, dans les Doukkala, dans cette ville d Azemmour où naquit, au tout début du XVIème siècle celui qui fut le premier a traverser d est en ouest cette Amérique-la, depuis la côte atlantique jusqu au rivage du Pacifique. S était-il imaginé, quand il courait, enfant, dans les rues d Azemmour, ou sur les berges de l Oum er-Rbia où il pêchait l’alose, qu’il allait , lui, pauvre berbère au teint noir, issu d une famille musulmane anonyme, changer le destin du monde et devenir un héros de légende?.si mal connu pourtant sur cette terre qui l a vu naître. L’histoire ne dit pas exactement quand il est né. Sans doute en l’an 1503. Une dizaine d années plus tard, le Portugal du roi Manuel 1er occupa Azemmour, avec son cortège d’exactions, de combats sporadiques et de razzias mais aussi ses moments d’entraide réciproque.

Dans les années 1520, s’abattit sur la région une terrible famine. Il fallait survivre ! Un Portugais captura alors un jeune Maure pour le réduire en esclavage et le vendre au plus offrant. Mustapha devait avoir 17 ans, il était fort, on en tirerait sans doute un bon prix ! Son « maître » l amena au Portugal où il le vendit a un Espagnol plus fortuné, le capitaine d infanterie Don Andres Dorantes de Carranca. De Mustapha, il devient Stephan ou Estevan?Son nouveau maître l aimait bien : Il l’appela Estevanico, le petit Stephan ! Il avait fait de lui son ami, son confident. Appelé par l’empereur Charles Quint a rejoindre d autres conquistadors et poursuivre la colonisation du Nouveau Monde que Christophe Colomb avait découvert une trentaine d années plus tôt, le capitaine décida d emmener avec lui son jeune esclave?

Pour Mustapha El Zemmouri, une nouvelle aventure commençait, qui débuta en 1528 pour se terminer tragiquement en 1539. Une odyssée qui dura une dizaine d années et fut une succession de revers, de calvaires, de privations et d intimes moments de bonheur pour Estevanico que tout le monde amérindien admira très vite et où il fut très populaire. La compagnie d infanterie du capitaine Dorantes comprenait quelques trois cents hommes, une quarantaine de chevaux, de la nourriture pour un long voyage?avec beaucoup d angoisse aussi, car personne ne connaissait vraiment la navigation, ni le sort que les attendrait dans un monde inconnu. Le mauvais temps s invita, avec ses ouragans, ses lames de fond, ses rafales de vent, qui dépecèrent leurs embarcations. On parlerait aujourd’hui de cyclones et de typhons.

Et quand ils atteignirent les côtes de Floride, après une escale a Cuba, l équipée était déja en partie décimée. Mais la route était encore longue et dangereuse. Les attaques des « Indiens », ces populations locales dont on ne connaissait ni les réflexes ni les coutumes, ni les langues, firent aussi des ravages, ajoutés aux maladies, aux morts d épuisement. Ces conquistadors en étaient arrivés a se manger entre eux, quand ils ne pouvaient plus se nourrir de la viande de leurs chevaux. Certains furent capturés par des tribus indiennes et réduits en esclavage?

D’autres préférèrent faire demi-tour?et aller où ?De la compagnie en pleine déroute, il ne resta au bout du compte que quatre rescapés, dont Estevanico. Il faut dire que Mustapha el Zemmouri avait un charisme particulier. Il était vite devenu l ami des Indiens dont il avait appris les langues ; ils l’appelaient « le fils du soleil » ( Il arrivait de la région où le soleil se lève !), et venaient de toutes parts le consulter car il passait pour un guérisseur ; sans doute son enfance doukkalie lui avait-elle permis de connaître quelques rudiments de médecine traditionnelle. Il servait aussi d intermédiaire entre les indiens et les conquistadors espagnols. Ainsi, a-t-il pu traverser tout le continent nord américain : de la Floride a la Californie, de l’est a l’ouest de l Amérique, en découvrant de nouveaux territoires appelés aujourd’hui : la Louisiane, le Texas,l Arizona,le Nouveau- Mexique. Une marche de milliers de kilomètres a pied qu il réalisa en dix ans. Et c est en héros qu il arriva, le 25 juillet 1536, escorté par des centaines d « Indigènes », dans Mexico, la capitale de ce qui était alors la Nouvelle-Espagne, devenue ensuite le Mexique.Miné par la maladie, son maître Dorantes choisit le retour vers l Espagne ; Estevanico, lui, préféra rester avec les Indiens dont il se sentait si proche?Et puis, sans doute se disait-il que s il retournait en Espagne, il redeviendrait esclave alors qu ici, dans ces grands espaces verdoyants qui lui rappelaient certainement son enfance, il se sentait en liberté. Dorantes le céda donc au maître des lieux, Don Antonio de Mendoza, vice-roi de la Nouvelle-Espagne. Celui-ci, fort content d avoir un gaillard comme lui dans ses troupes pour continuer l’exploration de ce Nouveau Monde inconnu, lui rendit en quelque sorte sa liberté en lui donnant comme mission d aller explorer la Cibola, une contrée lointaine où l on disait que se trouvaient sept villes d or, cet Eldorado qui faisait rêver tous les aventuriers.?

Estevanico s’y rendit en éclaireur, revêtu de ses habits de chaman qui impressionaient tant les indiens, avec ses plumes, ses amulettes, sa gourde parée de bijoux?

Mais arrivé en pays Zuni, il dut affronter l’hostilité du chef de la population locale pour qui les attributs dont il était paré étaient considérés plutôt comme des symboles de mort, alors que partout où il était passé auparavant, cela lui avait servi de passeport ?Un malentendu tragique ! Le chef zuni transperça d’une flèche le corps d’Estevanico?

Le reste de l expédition apprit avec terreur la mort de son guide?

L’exploration continua néanmoins, mais au lieu de cités resplendissant sous les monceaux d or et de pierres précieuses, ils découvrirent?. du maïs et des haricots?

La dépouille d Estevanico, elle, avait été découpée en petits morceaux et donnée aux membres de la tribu des Zunis. Ainsi s’acheva l’extraordinaire odyssée de celui que certains ont appelé l’Ulysse d’Amérique. L’histoire telle que contée ici est trop brève et naturellement incomplète. Si elle a été longtemps occultée par la société espagnole (Comment en effet, quelques décennies après la Reconquista qui a vu chasser les Arabes de la péninsule ibérique, présenter aux Ibères de tels exploits réalisés par un jeune maure, musulman, noir et esclave ?…) cette légende est toujours vivante aux Etats-Unis. L’Amérique de couleur ( celle des Noirs, des Hispaniques, et d’autres « minorités » ! ?) s’en est emparée pour la faire sienne : Estevanico a payé de son sang sa liberté retrouvée?.

Comme Martin Luther King des siècles plus tard?

comme d autres peuples, d autres personnes aussi, dans ce Nouveau Monde ! Qui mieux que lui, qui a connu trois continents ( l’Afrique, l’Europe, l’Amérique ), a vécu au sein de trois modes de croyance ( l’islam, le christianisme et le paganisme), a su parler dans leurs langues a des peuples aux cultures si diverses, qui donc pourrait servir d aussi beau symbole pour une passerelle entre les nations et les peuples pour un dialogue des civilisations, des cultures et des religions qu Estevanico , avec son coeur tout simple, a pratiqué il y a près de cinq siècles.

Il y a, a Tucson, au Texas, a la frontière des Etats- Unis et du Mexique, un « Parc Estevan » où l on a édifié tout un circuit qui retrace l’extraordinaire aventure de ce premier homme « noir » en Amérique du Nord, d’un simple esclave devenu conquistador, conquérant?

D’un garçon ayant toujours vécu dans l’ombre de quelqu’un pour devenir Fils du Soleil et meneur d’hommes! Son histoire a suscité bien des romans et des travaux d études aux Etats-Unis comme au Mexique. Une association, « Estevanico Society », s est fixé comme but de rechercher, sur le plan universitaire, tout ce qui pourrait permettre de mieux connaître l histoire de cet enfant du pays. Si vous voulez donner votre avis sur Barak Obama, le premier noir américain a accéder a la magistrature suprême de la première puissance du monde, vous pouvez le faire sur le site américain : mindofestevanico.vox.com.(« l Esprit d Estevanico »? comme il y a « l’esprit de Fès »! ). Les enfants puisent dans des bandes dessinées leurs rêves de gamins avides d’aventures magiques ; les poètes s enivrent juste a l écoute de son nom, et j ai en mémoire, ces quelques phrases d un livre merveilleux écrit par l Américaine Pamela Russel, malheureusement non encore traduit version française : « Les fleurs sauvages » ( Wild flowers), où Jasmine dit a Estevanico :– Vous aimez la mort, Estevanico ?– J ai vécu toute ma vie avec la mort au fond de mon âme. Mais vous n êtes pas a ma place !– Etes-vous sûr que je ne le suis pas ?

Au Maroc, de rares articles ont été écrits sur Mustapha le Zemmouri dans des journaux et des revues. Deux ouvrages relatant son aventure ont été également publiés par des chercheurs marocains : Hamza ben Driss Ottmani , avec son passionnant récit en langue française « Le fils du Soleil : l’odyssée d Estevanico de Azemor » (éditions La Porte- 2006) , et Mustapha Ouarab, qui a publié en langue arabe « L’aventure d Estebanico Al Azemmouri, d Azemmour a l’Arizona »?.

Grand mérite a leurs auteurs ! Et le site http://www.eljadida.com en a chaque fois rendu compte. Bravo la aussi !Sans doute cette histoire fascinante devrait-elle être rappelée dans les guides touristiques ainsi qu aux visiteurs étrangers qui veulent en savoir plus sur le passé de cette ville. Et les Zemmouris de souche et de cœur ont du mal a comprendre le silence qui entoure cette aventure et pourquoi une place ou une rue ne porte pas le nom de ce héros inconnu abandonné aux oubliettes de l Histoire. Lorsque sera terminé le grand projet touristique « Mazagan » qui élargira Azemmour, le moment ne sera-t-il pas venu d organiser aussi un colloque international sur Estevanico de Azemor, fils du soleil, mais surtout fils des Doukkalas ?

Auteur Michel Amengual

 EL JADIDA  MAZAGAN ⵎⴰⵣⴰⵖⴰⵏ  MAZAGÃO DOUKKALA  MOROCCO

Fortaleza Mazagão 1514 – 1769

Mazagão, Mazagão Novo e Mazagão Velho unidas pelo Atlántico
Mazagão, Mazagão Novo et Mazagão Velho unis par l’Atlantique
Mazagão de Doukkala [Maroc] Mazagão Velho, Mazagão – State of Amapá, Novo Mazagão au Para – Amazonie [Brésil] 

​The entire population of Mazagão was deported first to the Azores, as Portugal was experiencing one of the most serious economic crises as a consequence of the earthquake disaster and as the Braganza dynasty was shaken to its foundations. Count Pombal was the strong man of the regime who did not want to continue to subsidize a besieged Mazagão by powerful Moors while his power was eroding.

Those who were deported also included Moors converted to Christianity, including others as slaves of origin from the Doukkala Region, as well as kidnapped and adopted children. At that time, all those who should visit the colonial possessions of America should be of Christian religion and that in agreement with the Vatican and the Royal Edicts of the Court of Portugal and Spain.

The most famous individual case of this deportation and forced uprooting and that the History has retained is that of the Child of Azemmour who much later known as Mustapha Zemmouri with the Christian name of Estevanico Dorantes [Dorantes being the name of the Conquistador ).

​Andrés Dorantes de Carranza, a captain and conquistador who had bought Mustapha/Estevanico as a slave and with whom by the force of destiny they had made the first crossing of the south-west of present-day United States and the north of Mexico.

Mustapha Zemmouri was indeed a victim of the policy of the sale of children in Doukkala by the Portuguese military who found in this haggling a more lucrative form of trade to replace other recession-era activities.

Mazagão, Mazagão Novo e Mazagão Velho unidas pelo Atlántico
Mazagão, Mazagão Novo et Mazagão Velho unis par l’Atlantique
Mazagão de Doukkala [Maroc] Mazagão Velho, Mazagão – State of Amapá, Novo Mazagão au Para – Amazonie [Brésil]

Fortaleza Mazagão 1514 – 1769

1514 débute les travaux de construction de Mazagão

Toute la population de Mazagão fut déportée en premier aux Acores, vu que le Portugal connaissait une des plus grave crise économique comme conséquences du désastre du tremblement de terre et vu que la dynastie des Bragance était secouée sur ses bases et le Comte Pombal était l’homme fort du régime qui ne voulait point continuer de subventionner la cité portugaise Mazagão assiégée par des Maures décidés alors que son pouvoir diminuait.

Ceux et celles qui furent déportés comprenaient aussi des Maures convertis au Christianisme, y compris d’autres comme esclaves d’origine de la Région de Doukkala ainsi que des enfants kidnappés et adoptés.  A cette époque, tous/tes ceux/celles qui devraient se rendre dans les possessions coloniales de l’Amérique devraient être de religion chrétienne et cela en accord avec le Vatican et les Édits Royaux de la Cour du Portugal et de l’Espagne. 

Le cas individuel le plus fameux de cette déportation et déracinement forcé et que l’Histoire a retenu est celui de l’Enfant d’Azemmour qui bien plus tard connu comme Mustapha Zemmouri avec le nom Chrétien de Estevanico Dorantes [Dorantes étant le nom du Conquistador).   

​Andrés Dorantes de Carranza, un capitaine et conquistador qui avait acheté Mustapha/Estevanico comme esclave et avec lequel par la force du destin ils avaient effectué la première traversée du Sud-ouest de l’actuel Etats Unis et le nord du Mexique.  

Mustapha Zemmouri fut effectivement une victime de la politique de la vente d’enfants de Doukkala par les militaires Portugais qui trouvaient dans ce marchandage une forme de commerce plus lucrative a substituer aux autres activités ayant connu une récession.

Avant 1486, Azemmour était une dépendance du Roi de Fès; En 1486, les habitants d’Azemmour devinrent vassaux et tributaires de João II of Portugal. [2]

En 1513, le gouverneur d’Azemmour, Moulay Zayam, refusa de payer le tribut et rassembla une armée puissante et bien équipée. Manuel a répondu à ce défi en envoyant une flotte massive de 500 navires et 15 000 soldats (Bergreen, 19 ans). James, le duc de Bragance a dirigé cette armée et le 1er septembre, il a conquis la ville sans aucune résistance de la part de ses habitants. 

Ferdinand Magellan, l’homme célèbre pour avoir dirigé le tout premier tour du monde, faisait partie des soldats portugais de la région; il a perdu son cheval dans des escarmouches en dehors de la ville. [3] Le contrôle portugais de la ville d’Azemmour n’a duré que pendant une courte période; il a été abandonné par João III du Portugal en 1541 en raison des difficultés économiques de sa cour. [4]

Estevanico, également connu sous le nom d’Esteban the Moor, a été réduit en esclavage et a voyagé avec une expédition espagnole en Amérique du Nord en 1527. Il est le premier Africain à voyager avec des explorateurs en Amérique du Nord. et les côtes du Texas, l’esclavage et les attaques des Amérindiens, ainsi que d’autres revers en six ans avant que son parti et lui-même ne se retrouvent en sécurité dans une ville coloniale espagnole. [1] [9] ​​

Estevanico and Portugal in Morocco

Before 1486, Azemmour was a dependency of the King of Fez; in 1486 Azemmour’s inhabitants became vassals and tributaries of João II of Portugal. [2]

In 1513 Azemmour’s governor Moulay Zayam refused to pay the tribute and mustered a powerful, well-equipped army. Manuel responded to this challenge by sending a massive fleet of 500 ships and 15 thousand soldiers (Bergreen, 19). James, Duke of Braganza led this army and on September 1st he conquered the city with no resistance from its inhabitants. 

Ferdinand Magellan, the man famed for leading the first-ever circumnavigation of the earth, was among the Portuguese soldiers there; he lost his horse in skirmishes outside the city.[3] Portuguese control of the city lasted only for a short period; it was abandoned by João III of Portugal in 1541 due to his court’s economic difficulties. [4]

Estevanico, also known as Esteban the Moor, was enslaved and traveled with a Spanish expeditionto North America in 1527. He is the first African to travel with explorers in North America and was one of four men out of several hundred to survive shipwrecks on the Florida and Texas coasts, Native American slavery and attacks, and other setbacks over a six-year period before he and his party reached safety in a Spanish colonial town. [1] [9] 

Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca

(c.1490-c.1557)

with Estevanico

Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca was born about 1490 near Cádiz, Spain. His parents were Francisco de Vera and Teresa Cabeza de Vaca. Cabeza served in the Spanish army under Charles V and his fame in the Americas began with his appointment as treasurer for the expeditions of Pánfilo de Narváez, who has served with Cortez in the conquest of Mexico. Narváez was commissioned to colonize Florida. 

In April 1528, Narváez landed near present-day Tampa Bay, Florida with his large army of soldiers and settlers. Plagued by shortages of food, the Spanish force made its way first north and then west along the southern coast of Florida to the Gulf of Mexico in Florida’s panhandle. There, Narváez’s decimated army built boats, and sailed haltingly along the coasts of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. Three boats were lost, and many of the Spanish explorers also, including the expedition leader, Narváez. Others of the explorers landed, only to die of starvation or Indian attack. Cabeza de Vaca, however, and a few companions survived. They landed finally at a place they named the Island of Misfortune, perhaps Galveston Island, Texas.

From 1529 to 1534, Cabeza de Vaca and these others lived a meagre life with the Karankawa Indians, in a state of semi-slavery and often separated from each other. During this time Cabeza de Vaca took advantage of his slight medical skills and remade himself as healer. He explored this small section of the East Texas coast in hopes of finding a way to Mexico and the Spanish colonies there. In 1534, he and the other Spanish survivors, Alfonso de Castillo, Andres Dorantes, and Esteván or Estebanico, started west across Texas and Mexico. With the help of many native Americans along the way, they crossed the Pecos and Colorado rivers and made their way towards Spanish outposts by 1536. Despite the arduous trip, Cabeza de Vaca continued to note the wonders of the American west and the inhabitants’ impressive survival skills. Finally they turned south, moving inland. In April 1536, a Spanish slaving party found the four Spaniards. Soon after Cabeza de Vaca was in Mexico City.

Cabeza de Vaca returned to Spain in 1537 and expressed outrage at the Spanish treatment of Indians. He led an expedition in 1541 and 1542 from Santos, Brazil to Asuncion, Paraguay. There, he was appointed governor of Rio de la Plata, but a rebellion of his men overthrew him, and in 1545 he was forced back to Spain, where he was convicted of malfeasance in office-perhaps for advocating kinder treatment of Indians-and sent to Africa. Pardoned in 1552, he became a judge in Seville, Spain, until his death around 1557.

Document Note

The narrative of Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca is the first European book devoted completely to North America. Though his descriptions were modest, his account fed rumors of a vastly wealthy civilization north of Mexico, inspiring a number of later explorers seeking riches. Cabeza de Vaca’s account is distinguished from later accounts by a greater level of detail about, and a greater respect for, the native inhabitants. Unlike the authors of later accounts, who sought conquest and wealth, Cabeza de Vaca spent years simply trying to survive, and as a result learned much about how the region’s inhabitants themselves lived. His account also includes references to the devastating diseases Europeans would bring to the Americas; he reported that in 1528, when the Spanish landed in Texas, “half the natives died from a disease of the bowels and blamed us.”

Like Las Casas (see AJ-66), Cabeza de Vaca urged the Spanish to exhibit greater humanity towards the Indians. His account of these adventures was first published in Spain in 1542. The narrative prompted expeditions soon thereafter by Hernando de Soto and Francisco Vasquez Coronado. The earliest English translation appeared in Samuel Purchas’ volumes in 1625 and 1626.

The translation shown here is taken from Bandalier, Adolph Francis (editor). The Journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca and His Companions from Florida to the Pacific 1528-1536. Translated from His Own Narrative by Fanny Bandelier. (New York: A.S. Barnes & Company, 1905).

First Black man in North America was born around 1500 in Azemmour, on the Atlantic shore of Morocco and originally named Mustafa Zemmouri. He could probably read and write, spoke fluent Arabic and Latin plus Spanish and Portuguese, and have been raised in the Muslim faith. In 1513, the Portuguese took control of this area, capturing and selling some of the Africans to Europeans. The youth was sold to a Spanish nobleman named Andrés de Dorantes de Carranza, baptized into the Catholic Church and given the Christian name Estevanico.

In 1527, Dorantes signed them up to join a 600 member expedition organized by Pánfilo de Narváez to explore the Gulf of Mexico. First they landed on Hispaniola, went on to Cuba then landed near what is now Tampa Bay, Florida claiming the land for Spain on April 12, 1528. Hurricanes and attacks by natives reduced the crew to half. After a failed attempt at marching overland they built five barges to continue the journey by water. Three sank. After a month at sea, the craft with Estevanico and Dorantes aboard wrecked near Galveston Island, Texas.

Only 15 men were still alive in the spring of 1529. They headed west along the Rio Grande hoping to reach a Spanish settlement in Mexico. Most were captured and enslaved by coastal Indians. By the autumn of 1530 death from escape attempts, hard work, disease and unfamiliar food caused all but 4 members to die. They became captives of different tribes however reunited at a fall gathering and made plans to meet again the following year. They met, but were unable to escape. They returned with their different captors until the fall of 1534 when they were finally able to escape.

They encountered a camp of the Avavares tribe, where they were welcomed as medicine men with special powers. When the four men left the Avavares in the spring of 1535, they found that their reputation as healers had preceded them and they were treated as dignitaries wherever they went. When they reached the Rio Grande at the end of 1535, Castillo and Estevanico headed upstream until they came upon the Jumano tribe and then were joined by Cabeza de Vaca and Dorantes.

With his facility for languages, Estevanico learned many native languages and served as an ambassador and translator in dealing with natives they met. The castaways managed to survive in the interior of Texas by conducting faith healings for illnesses ranging from headaches to nearly fatal diseases. During their travels, they had seen a metal bell and medicine gourds made by the Pueblo tribes of New Mexico which seemed to be symbols of prestige. Estevanico took one of these gourds and used it in his healing work then placed bells and feathers on his feet and arms.

The small party traveled west-by-northwest and were nicknamed « children of the sun » because they traveled from east to west. As they moved south, they began to see evidence of contact with Europeans and met a party of Spaniards in March of 1536, north of Culiacán in New Spain. That may be where Estevanico got the two Castilian greyhounds and the set of green plates referred to in some sources. They reached Tenochtitlán (present-day Mexico City) the following July, more than eight years after landing on the Florida coast.

When they entered Mexico City on July 24, 1536 the four men met with Viceroy Antonio Mendoza, who was intrigued by their tales of wealthy cities to the north called the Seven Cities of Cibola. Dorantes sold Estevanico to Mendoza who then assigned him to Fray Marcos de Niza, a Franciscan. Based on his tales, Estevanico and Fray Marcos began their journey on March 7, 1539 although Estevanico traveled ahead as an advance scout.

Estevanico headed through the large desert region of the Mexican state of Sonora and southern Arizona; he was the first Westerner to enter what are now the states of Arizona and New Mexico. Wherever he traveled, Estevanico sent his medicine gourd ahead of him to announce his arrival. He walked well over five thousand miles in exploring the southern parts of this country.

Messengers returned to Fray Marcos to report when Estevanico was 30 days’ march from Cibola and asked Fray Marcos to join him. Fray Marcos headed northward, but when the friar entered each new village, he found a message from Estevanico saying that he had continued on. Fray Marcos chased after him for weeks but was unable to catch up.

Estevanico was supposed to send runners with information and post wooden crosses as signs to indicate what he had found. A small cross would mean that things were going well, but nothing important had been found. A larger cross would indicate a land with more wealth than Mexico. Estevanico only posted immense crosses.

In May he reached the Zuni pueblo of Hawikuh, the first of the legendary « Seven Cities of Cibola ». The entourage was described in John Upton Terrell’s Estevanico the Black « It was a colorful, wild procession. Some three hundred Indians accompanied him. On he strode with a regal manner at the head of the column. In one hand he carried the sacred gourd rattle. His powerful ebony legs and arms were adorned with feathers. A crown of plumes accentuated his height. Tiny bells tinkled on his ankles. Turquoises strung on deer thongs dripped over his broad chest. Immediately behind him his harem straggled through the dust of the high desert. These were girls he had found especially pleasing. Near him a personal servant carried four green dinner plates on which his meals were served, two lean greyhounds trotted by his side. »

The chief threw the gourd down in anger and told Estevanico to leave the town. The village elders were suspicious of his claims of coming from a land of white men with many weapons and resentful of his demands and demanded he be killed. The chief took away all his possessions and put him in a house on the edge of the town without food or water. The next morning he was killed.

When Fray Marcos was told about Estevanico’s death, he went back to New Spain stating Hawikuh was a huge source of gold. The Friar’s report inspired Mendoza to send out the Coronado expedition to retrieve the gold which introduced horses to North America. When they returned to the small village of Hawikuh they found the chief had Estevanico’s green dinner plates, his greyhound dogs, and his metal bells and learned they had cut up his body into little pieces and distributed the parts among the chiefs.

One of the few reminders of this explorer’s existence is the name of Estevan Park on Main Avenue in Tucson, Arizona, named during World War II. A name on a board is the sole monument dedicated to the first non-native to enter Arizona who led Spaniards into the territory and forged the way for Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, whose name appears on a national monument and a forest.

Count Antonio de Mendoza and Estevanico

​Antonio de Mendoza, third count of Tendilla (1495, Granada – 1552, Lima), was the first viceroy of New Spain, from 1535 to 1549. 

​In 1539 he sent Fray Marcos de Niza accompanied by Estevanico the Moor to the north from what is now Arizona and New Mexico.

​This mission earned Estevanico the title of being one of the first discoverers of Arizona and New Mexico.

Comte Antonio de Mendoza et Estevanico

Antonio de Mendoza, troisième comte de Tendilla (1495, Grenade-1552, Lima), fut le premier vice-roi de Nouvelle-Espagne, de 1535 à 1549. 

​En 1539, il envoie Fray Marcos de Niza accompagné du maure Estevanico vers le nord de ce qui est maintenant l’Arizona. 

​Cette mission fait obtenir a Estevanico le titre d’être  l’un des premiers découvreurs de l’Arizona et du Nouveau-Mexique. ​

ENGLISH VERSION

Esteban Dorantes Mostafa Estavanico Zemouri – Doukkalais – Maroc

Andrés Dorantes, Alonso del Castillo, Estevanico Dorantes (Mustapha Zemmouri) and Cabeza de Vaca

Estevanico, the Great African Conquistador

Estevanico; also known as Estevan, Esteban, Estebanico, Black Stephen, and Stephen the Moor,  was born in Azamor, Morocco around the year 1500. In 1513, the Portuguese took control of this area. When they fell on hard times during a drought in the early 1520s, the Portuguese started selling Moroccans as slaves to European customers. Estevanico was sold to Andres de Dorantes. Estévanico was fluent in many languages spoken in Spain, including Arabic, Spanish, Berber, and Portuguese.  This ability allowed Estevanico and Andres de Dorantes to develop a very positive relationship, and the two were said to be friends. ​

ESTEVANICO THE MOOR ​

The Slave Who Found a New World
Reviewed by David Blight – Sunday, December 14, 2008
CROSSING THE CONTINENT, 1527-1540: The Story of the First African-American Explorer of the American South By Robert Goodwin – Harper. 414 pp.

VERSION FRANÇAISE

« L’esclave » qui a trouvé un nouveau monde

​Commenté par David Blight – dimanche 14 décembre 2008

PASSANT LE CONTINENT, 1527-1540: Histoire du premier explorateur afro-américain du sud américain Par Robert Goodwin – Harper. 414 pp.

De nombreux manuels d’histoire américains mentionnent l’explorateur africain Esteban Dorantes. Certains ont exprimé des certitudes quant à sa participation à la première expédition espagnole malheureuse à travers le sud des États-Unis en 1528 et à sa découverte de l’Arizona et du Nouveau-Mexique entre 1538 et 1539. D’autres le placent prudemment dans un mélange de faits et de mythologie.

Dans Crossing the Continent, Robert Goodwin, historien britannique et expert de l’empire colonial espagnol, nous emmène dans un voyage scientifique et géographique à la recherche du véritable Esteban. Et Esteban était réel. Il est né quelque part en Afrique subsaharienne vers 1500. Il a été vendu comme esclave dans la ville côtière d’Azemmour, au Maroc, et est arrivé en Espagne en 1522. Sur le grand marché aux esclaves de la ville grouillante de Séville, il a été revendu, cette fois à Andrés Dorantes de Carranza, capitaine et conquistador. En bref, c’est ainsi qu’Esteban est arrivé à bord d’un des cinq navires qui ont quitté l’Espagne en 1527, débarquant d’abord à Saint-Domingue, puis en Floride à la recherche d’or et de gloire.

L’expédition, sous le commandement de Pánfilo Narváez, a atterri près de Tampa Bay et s’est presque immédiatement effondrée. La plupart de ses 300 membres ont succombé à la famine, à la maladie ou à la noyade. Mais quelques-uns ont traversé l’Alabama, le Mississippi et la Louisiane d’aujourd’hui avant d’arriver à bord de petits bateaux sur les côtes du Texas, où depuis près de cinq ans un nombre décroissant (huit premiers, puis quatre seulement) vivait chez les Indiens Karankawa. Outre Esteban, les survivants étaient son propriétaire, Dorantes; Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, un noble espagnol qui a vécu pour écrire un compte rendu célèbre de l’aventure; et Alonso del Castillo Maldonado, un conquistador avide et ambitieux. Les quatre hommes ont traversé le nord-est du Mexique, puis le sud, jusqu’à rencontrer des marchands d’esclaves espagnols avec des gangs effroyables d’Indiens mexicains attachés à des chaînes. Bientôt, ils atteignirent l’étonnante cosmopolite de Mexico, siège du pouvoir espagnol dans le Nouveau Monde, où ils devinrent «célébrités», comme le montre joliment Goodwin, en vivant de leur plus grande richesse: leur histoire.

Et cette histoire – et pas seulement la réalité de leur voyage – est le sujet de Goodwin. Il présente au moins trois récits: l’un, l’histoire actuelle de la grande traversée et la place d’Esteban dans celle-ci; deuxièmement, la manière dont l’histoire et le mythe se sont mêlés dans ce conte particulier; et troisièmement, les propres aventures de l’auteur alors qu’il tentait d’éliminer les faits de la fantaisie. Il reconnaît que le livre est un mélange « d’incertitude, de conjectures et de vérité historique ». La prose de Goodwin est parsemée de mises en garde telles que « peut-être », « il semble » et « doit avoir », et s’il dissipe souvent les mythes, il les adopte parfois. Il appelle hyperboliquement Esteban le « premier Afro-Américain », par exemple, même si Esteban n’était pas le premier Africain à venir dans les Amériques ni le premier à mourir ici. Il était simplement le premier à devenir célèbre.

Parfois, le triple récit traîne, alourdi par de longues digressions sur l’architecture et les festivals de Séville, le cosmopolitisme exotique de Mexico et l’aridité du Sud-Ouest. Cependant, nous en apprenons beaucoup sur l’esclavage et la guerre dans les colonies espagnoles, et le livre contient une description aussi vivante de la maladie que l’on aurait jamais aimé lire lors d’une traversée de l’Atlantique au XVIe siècle. Le commentaire de Goodwin sur les deux versions publiées de l’histoire des quatre survivants – Les épaves de Cabeza de Vaca et l’Histoire générale et naturelle des Indes de Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo – est un traitement particulièrement engageant des différences entre l’histoire populaire et l’histoire savante de leur époque. (Oviedo était un historien de la cour de justice espagnole qui a recherché de vraies sources et, selon Goodwin, mérite pleinement l’étiquette de « premier historien européen de l’Amérique ».)

​Parmi les passages les plus intéressants du livre, on peut citer le récit de ses recherches en Espagne et à La Havane, ses excursions dans le nord du Mexique et les anciens pueblos Zuni en Arizona, où décéda Esteban, et ses découvertes à New York, où il lut une édition originale d’Oviedo. L’histoire, longtemps cachée à la Hispanic Society of America, sur la 155e rue, et les naufrages romantiques de Cabeza de Vaca, conservés à la plus fastueuse bibliothèque publique de New York. Le récit de voyage personnel de Goodwin, bien que discordant avec le récit historique, est néanmoins intéressant.

Mais les exploits d’Esteban sont au cœur du livre. Par une lecture imaginative des preuves, Goodwin affirme qu’Esteban est devenu le chef de file des « quatre célèbres » et leur « grand communicateur » pour les nombreux groupes indiens qu’ils ont rencontrés. Cabeza de Vaca, Castillo et Dorantes sont peut-être devenus des indigènes, mais, selon Goodwin, Esteban était le personnage central: ornée de rangées de coquillages sur les bras, de plumes sur la tête, de vêtements aux couleurs vives et d’un hochet fait d’un gourde, il est devenu un chaman prospère qui a pratiqué l’art de guérir les Indiens malades et mourants et a eu accès à leurs villages et à leurs réserves de nourriture.

Ce faisant, estime Goodwin, Esteban a atteint une sorte d’égalité de frontière avec les autres Espagnols. Lorsqu’il a dirigé l’expédition dans ce qui est maintenant le sud-ouest des États-Unis, il est devenu, selon Goodwin, un « esclave en fuite » cherchant non pas la richesse et la gloire d’un conquistador, mais sa propre liberté et un nouveau domicile. C’est sûrement une interprétation plausible, même si en d’autres cas elle demeure incertaine. L’auteur, par exemple, après avoir tenté de déterminer exactement comment Esteban était mort en 1539, renonça de le suggérer succombant à la frustration de trouver une explication plausible selon ses suppositions.

En traversant le continent, Goodwin réussit à sortir un personnage historique important du brouillard du mythe. Mais en construisant un portrait aussi héroïque d’Esteban à partir de preuves exagérément partielles, il se retrouve avec son propre verdict sur cette histoire romantique: «Esteban vit toujours dans la mythologie moderne du rêve américain, un autre protagoniste héroïque dans certains légende sur les origines d’un continent volé « . ·

David W. Blight enseigne l’histoire américaine à l’Université de Yale et est l’auteur de « A Slave No More: Deux hommes qui ont échappé à l’esclavage, y compris leurs récits d’émancipation ». © 2008 The Washington Post Company

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Author: Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar, 16th cent.Title:The Journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca

Source: Bandalier, Adolph Francis (editor).

The Journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca and His Companions from Florida to the Pacific 1528-1536. Translated from His Own Narrative by Fanny Bandelier. (New York: A.S. Barnes & Company, 1905).

Pages i-xxvi, 1-194.
Pages/Illustrations:221 / 4
Citable URL:
http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-070/Author Note

Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (c.1490-c.1560) was born in Jeréz de la Frontera, Spain, to a noble family; his early career was in the military.

In 1527, he was appointed second in command of an expedition headed up by Panfilo de Narváez, who wanted to claim the territory from Florida to Mexico for Spain.Narváez Expedition, 1528

Cabeza de Vaca left Spain for the Americas in June 1527.

In April 1528, Narváez landed near present-day Tampa Bay, Florida with his large army of soldiers and settlers. Plagued by shortages of food, the Spanish force made its way first north and then west along the southern coast of Florida to the Gulf of Mexico in Florida’s panhandle.

There, Narváez’s decimated army built boats, and sailed haltingly along the coasts of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. Three boats were lost, and many of the Spanish explorers also, including the expedition leader, Narváez.

Others of the explorers landed, only to die of starvation or Indian attack. Cabeza de Vaca, however, and a few companions survived. They landed finally at a place they named the Island of Misfortune, perhaps Galveston Island, Texas.

From 1529 to 1534, Cabeza de Vaca and these others lived a meagre life with the Karankawa Indians, in a state of semi-slavery and often separated from each other. During this time Cabeza de Vaca took advantage of his slight medical skills and remade himself as healer.

He explored this small section of the East Texas coast in hopes of finding a way to Mexico and the Spanish colonies there. In 1534, he and the other Spanish survivors, Alfonso de Castillo, Andres Dorantes, and Esteván or Estebanico, started west across Texas and Mexico.

With the help of many native Americans along the way, they crossed the Pecos and Colorado rivers and made their way towards Spanish outposts by 1536. Despite the arduous trip, Cabeza de Vaca continued to note the wonders of the American west and the inhabitants’ impressive survival skills.

Finally they turned south, moving inland. In April 1536, a Spanish slaving party found the four Spaniards. Soon after Cabeza de Vaca was in Mexico City.Cabeza de Vaca returned to Spain in 1537 and expressed outrage at the Spanish treatment of Indians. He led an expedition in 1541 and 1542 from Santos, Brazil to Asuncion, Paraguay.

There, he was appointed governor of Rio de la Plata, but a rebellion of his men overthrew him, and in 1545 he was forced back to Spain, where he was convicted of malfeasance in office-perhaps for advocating kinder treatment of Indians-and sent to Africa.

Pardoned in 1552, he became a judge in Seville, Spain, until his death around 1557.

Document Note

The narrative of Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca is the first European book devoted completely to North America. Though his descriptions were modest, his account fed rumors of a vastly wealthy civilization north of Mexico, inspiring a number of later explorers seeking riches.

Cabeza de Vaca’s account is distinguished from later accounts by a greater level of detail about, and a greater respect for, the native inhabitants. Unlike the authors of later accounts, who sought conquest and wealth, Cabeza de Vaca spent years simply trying to survive, and as a result learned much about how the region’s inhabitants themselves lived. His account also includes references to the devastating diseases Europeans would bring to the Americas; he reported that in 1528, when the Spanish landed in Texas, “half the natives died from a disease of the bowels and blamed us.” Like Las Casas (see AJ-66), Cabeza de Vaca urged the Spanish to exhibit greater humanity towards the Indians. His account of these adventures was first published in Spain in 1542.

The narrative prompted expeditions soon thereafter by Hernando de Soto and Francisco Vasquez Coronado. The earliest English translation appeared in Samuel Purchas’ volumes in 1625 and 1626.

The translation shown here is taken from Bandalier, Adolph Francis (editor). The Journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca and His Companions from Florida to the Pacific 1528-1536. Translated from His Own Narrative by Fanny Bandelier. (New York: A.S. Barnes & Company, 1905).

Other Internet and Reference Sources

A useful timeline of the years 1527-1547 that shows the relationships between the travels of Narváez, Cabeza da Vaca, DeSoto, Ulloa, and Coronado is available from the University of Arizona at 

http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/jour/front.1_div.4.html.

The PBS website on the American West at http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/index_cont.htm contains biographies, maps, timelines, and lesson plans on the exploration of the west and includes several helpful entries on Cabeza de Vaca.

More information on the Spanish explorers of Florida can be found at 

http://www.vaca.com/cabeza.html.

Document Number: AJ-070

Coronado is available from the University of Arizona at

http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/jour/front.1_div.4.html.

The PBS website on the American West at

http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/index_cont.htm

Other Internet and Reference Sources
​
A useful timeline of the years 1527-1547 that shows the relationships between the travels of Narváez, Cabeza da Vaca, DeSoto, Ulloa, and contains biographies, maps, timelines, and lesson plans on the exploration of the west and includes several helpful entries on Cabeza de Vaca.

More information on the Spanish explorers of Florida can be found at: Read Background View Reference Map (PDF) How to CiteCopyright and Permissions

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http://www.vaca.com/cabeza.html.

How to Cite – Copyright and Permissions

http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-070/summary/

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Esteeban

Andres Dorantes de Carranza was a young Spanish soldier when he began hearing colorful stories about adventure and fortune in the New World that piqued his curiosity and left him yearning for an opportunity to get a first hand look. To begin his quest, he secured an appointment as a captain on the Panfilo de Narváez expedition to explore and colonize for Spain territories along the Gulf Coast, beginning in Florida and extending to the Rio Grande. Narváez led five ships from Sanlucar de Barremeda, Spain on June 17, 1527 with 600 brave souls eager, like Dorantes, to claim riches, fame, and whatever else the New World had to offer.

However, seven years prior to the expedition, Dorantes had purchased a personal slave from a Portuguese enclave on Morocco’s Atlantic coast.

Esteban, (aka, Estevanico, Estebanico, Esteban Dorantes, Black Stephen, and Stephen the Moor, al-Zemmouri – the man from Azemmour), a Muslim from North Africa, had been enslaved at an early age by the Portuguese, and in 1520 became Dorantes’ property when both men were in their 20s. Esteban’s fate, however, was beyond servitude though his most pressing concern, in November, 1528, would be surviving a stormy ride in one of several crudely-made, shallow boats being tossed about in the wildly undulating surf of the Gulf of Mexico. When he and about 80 others, including Dorantes, Alonso Castillo Maldonado and Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, finally waded ashore near what is now Galveston Island, the first European explorers had set foot in the territory that would become Texas.

And so had the first African. It was a soggy, chilly landfall for what would be an eight-year odyssey for Esteban and company that would have them walking a trailblazing path from the central coast of Texas to Mexico City, a journey that would firmly establish Esteban as the first Black Texan, and as the first African American. He would also be acknowledged, by some, as the first non-native to enter what is now Arizona (possibly) and New Mexico. His arrival in Texas didn’t open the floodgates for Africans immigrating to Texas – no matter the circumstances, in fact there were no other reported Africans in the territory for almost two centuries (until 1691) before another Spanish expedition found people of African heritage, possibly the survivors of other expeditions or shipwrecks, living with Indians near the mouth of the Rio Grande.

Alonso Alverez de Pineda had explored and mapped the Texas coastline in 1519, but the survivors of the Narváez  expedition would set out from there and into the interior on a grand adventure that would become a remarkable tale of survival and a severe test of the human spirit. Their trek across Texas, encountering both friendly and hostile Indians, was nothing if not implausible. For much of their journey, they were bare foot, naked, at times severely starved, yet the four intrepid men – including Esteban – would indeed walk through dense vegetation, rugged mountains and other challenging terrain unknown to them, from Galveston to Mexico City. Along the way, they would become godlike “children of the sun,” as the curious Indian tribes would dub the strange men who performed medical miracles (did Cabeza de Vaca really raise a man from the dead?) and became revered shamans with literally thousands of followers.

Their tales would be incredulous, and even Cabeza de Vaca would explain in his narrative, La Relación (the account): “I wrote it with great certainty that though many things are to be read in it, and things very difficult for some to believe, they may believe them without any doubt.”

Esteban became a central figure. He was along as Dorantes’ slave, but as the journey unfolded, Esteban would become a scout and diplomat, often making the initial contacts with new tribes the men encountered, and acting as the lead communicator because of his noted skill for quickly picking up new languages and using sign languages.

Yet, in the two main accounts of the ordeal – Cabeza de Vaca’s narrative, La Relación, and the Joint Report delivered in Mexico City to Antonio de Mendoza, the Viceroy of New Spain – Esteban’s contributions are marginalized. There is no formal account from Esteban and given his status as a servant none was expected. It is conjectured that the accounts from Cabeza de Vaca and Dorantes were written, in part, to glorify their bravery and discoveries hoping to elevate their status and gain favor with the Spanish Crown for future explorations and governorships in the New World. There are other flaws in their accounts, as well, including contradictions and omissions on locations, distances, dates, activities, and their route, in general, has been widely debated.

However, any hope that Cabeza de Vaca had of returning and further exploring the New World were immediately dashed when he was informed, upon his return to Spain, that such a commission had already been granted to Hernando de Soto who would indeed explore Florida and the Southeastern territories as well as Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas. Some credit him as the discoverer of the Mississippi River.

So, there is no direct account from Esteban and he doesn’t become a focal point of the explorations of Northern Mexico and the Southwest until after he is sold by Dorantes in Mexico City to Mendoza and leads Fray Marcos de Niza’s expedition to find the mythical Seven Cities of Cibola and their supposed abundance of gold and other treasures. For all that he and the others had survived in their previous travels, for their fame among the Indians, for Esteban’s proficiency as a communicator, this journey would end in his death, “full of arrows,” outside a village in Hawikuh in northern New Mexico at the hands of the very wary Zuni Indians in 1539.

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Read historian Rayford W. Logan’s essay “Estevanico — Negro Discoverer of the Southwest: a critical reexamination , ” in which Logan addresses the questions of Estevanico’s race (African or European?) and his death. The essay appeared in 1940 in one of the first editions (Vol. 1, No. 4) of the scholarly journal “Phylon,” a publication started and edited by W.E.B. DuBois at Atlanta University. Logan received his doctorate in history from Harvard in 1936 and went on to a distinguished career at Howard University where he became one of the foremost black scholars and intellects of the 20th century. It was said of Logan that he “wrote and otherwise taught about the history of black people in this country many years before it became fashionable to do so.”

For further reading about Esteban:

• Estevanico the Moor — History.net feature story
• Esteban of Azemmour and His New World Adventures — Saudi Aramco World Story
• Dr. Robert Goodwin discusses his book “Crossing the Continent, 1527-1540: The Story of the First African-American Explorer of the American South” (HarperCollins)
• Estevanico — TSHA article
• Estevanico — Elizabethan Era website
• Estevanico, 1503-1539 — Las Culturas
• History 313: History of African Americans in the West — Dr. Quintard Taylor, Univ. of Washington
• Southwestern Writer’s Collection: Cabeza de Vaca’s “La Relacion”

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Said El Mansour Cherkaoui – Fils de Mazagan – El Jadida et Voisin d’Azema – Azemmour – Moulay Bouchaib Redade– Moul Wad wa Moul Wad – Fleuve Oum Rabii – Mere du Printemps, la Riviere des Ait Yafelman – [Yafelman veut dire Poisson en Amazigh Kabile]

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Documents et photos par Dr. Said El Mansour Cherkaoui est mis à disposition selon les termes de la licence Creative Commons Attribution – Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale – Pas de Modification 4.0 International.

What are the reasons for investing in Morocco?

TRI CONSULTING KYOTO – TRI CK USA supports you in your investment projects, whatever their form: new sites, extensions, industrial or technological partnerships, acquisitions or financial investments.

Morocco Favorite Destination for International Investment

BE SMART : CHOOSE MOROCCO !

Here is an overview of Morocco’s investment and economic environment that we hope will enhance your interest in developing trade, financial, and cultural relationships with the Moroccan people.

If you are looking to benefit from an environment conducive to establishing excellent business relations, you are considering Morocco as your destination for export or the source of your imports and you are going to create real jobs and have good returns on your investments, we can help you to find the right connection and facilitate for you the process through our assessment and evaluation of the present conditions of doing business in Morocco.

Contact us by sending an email to: saidcherkaoui@triconsultingkyoto.com

Each of Morocco’s 12 regions also leads its own investment promotion efforts through Regional Investment Centers (CRIs)

El Jadida et Doukkala are integrated in the Casablanca – Settat Region

Request for Additionnal Info, contact: saidcherkaoui@triconsultingkyoto.com

INVEST IN MOROCCO

This used to be the History of the Clash of Civilizations and now this is the space for new discoveries to be made, including investing in the present-day emergence of a new mutually beneficial relationship

Morocco is a gateway and path to many regions and countries in Africa and the Middle East.  Morocco is embedded and located within a geostrategic environment that is conducive to facilitating the implementation of services, and industrial, maritime, or agricultural operations.   These initiatives can also be steering toward integration in the regional economies or for the development of distribution systems along with an expansion in the Western and Eastern Mediterranean regions, the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the neighboring North and Sub-Saharan African economies. 

Morocco is fast becoming one of the best emerging markets for investment. Over the last decade, Morocco has witnessed an accelerated process of political, economic, and social reforms, and its steady economic growth and strategic geographic position make it an investment opportunity well worth considering. 

Already in Morocco’s 2018 Doing Business ranking (69th out of 190 countries), published by the World Bank

7 Top Pillars of Business Wisdoms

• Cost Competitiveness
• Strong and Stable Macroeconomic Performances
• Free Trade Access to One Billion Consumers
• World Class Infrastructure
• Qualified Labor Force
• Sectorial Plans
• Constantly improving Business Climate

Strong Points

– A legal framework and assistance measures very favorable to investors
– Relatively low salaries
– A strategic position, not far from Europe
– A young and relatively well-trained population
– Strong growth…

Espace Maroc à investir aujourd’hui

May 4, 2023 by Said El Mansour Cherkaoui

Invest Today: Destination Morocco

Said El Mansour Cherkaoui  May 3, 2023

What are the Government measures to motivate investment in Morocco?

The new investment charter which was introduced in July 2016 as part of Law 60-16, and replacing a previous charter implemented in 1995, creates free-trade zones in each of the 12 regions of the country, recognizes indirect exporter status, and creates incentives for export-oriented and industrial companies.

It also restructures investment promotion activities under the centralized Moroccan Agency for Investment Development and Export, including Maroc Export https://marocexport.gov.ma/, the Moroccan Investment Development Agency falling under the purview of the Ministry of Industry, Trade, Investment and Digital Economy.

A General Directorate for Trade, a General Directorate for Industry and an agency dedicated to developing the digital economy and e-government were also created under the new charter of investments.

Asian Firms Building Battery Factories in Morocco

 Said El Mansour Cherkaoui  September 25, 2023

Hub for the Global Automotive Industry

Morocco: International Investment and Foreign Trade Trends

Said El Mansour Cherkaoui  November 13, 2022

Foreign Direct Investment inflows by country and sector

After a decline during the global recession, FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) flows to Morocco increased in 2014 and 2015, exceeding USD 3 billion. In 2016, however, flows fell by 29% to USD 2.32 billion. The country’s stability should attract more investors. In addition, a vast project of economic modernization has been launched to boost FDI. Casablanca in particular aims to become an international financial center. Traditionally, France, Saudi Arabia, and Spain have been the three main investors. FDI is mainly concentrated in the real estate sector, followed by industry and tourism.

Source: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

Source: Foreign Exchange Office of the Ministry of Finance

Investment Opportunities in Morocco

Invest in Morocco

If you want to have a presentation of a given African country to be profiled by us here and as a publication of TRI Consulting Kyoto – TRI CK USA, please share that we us by sending an email to cherkaouijournal@gmail.com

For engagement on a business level, please contact us by sending an email to: saidcherkaoui@triconsultingkyoto.com

You can also fill out the forms that are at the foot of the present article on our website: https://triconsultingkyoto.com

Best wishes for success

Africa Destiny: Advantages for investing in Morocco

Said El Mansour Cherkaoui  October 2, 2023

Espace Maroc à investir aujourd’hui

Posted on May 4, 2023 by Said El Mansour Cherkaoui

 

Invest Today: Destination Morocco

Said El Mansour Cherkaoui  May 3, 2023

 

Morocco Profile: Investment and Trade Trends

Said El Mansour Cherkaoui  January 21, 2023

 

U.S. Takes the First Spot as Direct Investor in Morocco

Said El Mansour Cherkaoui  December 12, 2022

 

Morocco Invest Today

Said El Mansour Cherkaoui  June 10, 2022

RELATED NEWS

• What are the reasons for investing in Morocco?

The Moroccan Investment and Export Development Agency (AMDIE) is the national agency responsible for developing and promoting investments and exports in Morocco. AMDIE’s services include: 

• Informing potential investors about Morocco’s regulatory framework and investment opportunities
• Assisting investors in their quest for investment
• Promoting national and international investments
• Promoting the export of goods and services
• Supporting all economic sectors throughout their life cycle
• Prospecting new international clients
• Networking Moroccan exporters with foreign contractors and institutional players in target markets
• Internationalization of Moroccan investors
• Export financing and hedging solutions
• Data on promising foreign markets

Each of Morocco’s 12 regions also leads its own investment promotion efforts through Regional Investment Centers (CRIs). 

AMDIE was founded in 2009. 

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• Estevanico Dorantes – Moro Mustapha Maure Zemmouri

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  History and Present of Morocco: Our Memories

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  Sport in the Plural for Morocco

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History and Present of Morocco: Our Memories

Histoire et Présent du Maroc: Nos Mémoires

Sahara: Méditation Historique, Inspiration Culturelle, Réveil Institutionnel Et Renouveau Du Nationalisme Marocain

Sahara: Méditation Historique, Inspiration Culturelle, Réveil Institutionnel et Renouveau du Nationalisme Marocain – Publiée Initialement le 6 november, 2015  ·  Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Hazou Alam Zidou Bina Goudam Wala Khaybet Daba Tzienne Sahara: Méditation Historique, Inspiration Culturelle, Réveil Institutionnel et Renouveau … Continue reading Sahara: Méditation Historique, Inspiration Culturelle, Réveil Institutionnel et Renouveau du Nationalisme Marocain

On this day 10 years ago

Said El Mansour Cherkaoui November 6, 2013

  · 

Memories of the Rocks

In our Morocco, we used to see the traditional fishermen with their old and small roving boats painted in white and blue pulling boxes made of bamboo and flexible wood where the Crabs and Bou Kamoroon were trapped. We use also to pick some in the rocks around the coast – the place of the Casino and Dar Manouisse – but they were hard to get out or to GRAB the CRAB. So often, we just get them out because we love to see them running to the water trying to catch the returning tide, to do the body surfing in reverse and to float back to the Ocean. It was our Atlantic City Gambling Game, we will bet on which one will be first to be hit by the big coming wave and that was in Mazagan for the past and El Jadida for the present.

Mémoires Solides comme les Rochers

Dans notre Doukkala, nous avons l’habitude de voir les pêcheurs traditionnels avec leurs vieux petits bateaux de pêche peints en blanc et en bleu tirant des caisses fabriqués en bois souple ou en bambou et où les crabes et Bou Kamoroon ont été piégés ou bien où ils avaient étaient mis pour grandir. Nous aussi on essayait de prendre et d’attraper certains dans les rochers tout le long de la baie – la place du Casino et Dar Manouisse – mais ils étaient difficiles à faire sortir ou à saisir . Trop souvent, nous voulions juste les faire sortir parce que nous aimons les voir sauter, dandiner et se précipiter vers l’eau afin d’attraper le retour de la marée descendante, pour faire le body surfing en sens inverse et de flotter sur les écumes des vagues pour leur retour à l’océan. Cela était pour nous un jeu digne des casinos d’Atlantic city _ le nom qu’on donnait aussi à notre ville natale, nous parions sur lesquels qui arriveraient les premiers à être emportés par la grande vague montante et tout cela se passait sur les rivages de Mazagan pour le passé et El Jadida pour le présent

On this day 8 years ago

Said El Mansour Cherkaoui

November 6, 2015  · El Jadida, Morocco

  · El Jadida, Morocco  ·

Viva Marruecos – Viva Marroquinos y Viva 6 Noviembre – Nos Otros Dia

Buenas Dias Marruecos y Happy Day por nuestra Soberanía Territorial e Integración Nacional con nuestras Provincias del Sur

La publicación inicial de mi foto fue el 6 de noviembre de 2015, que es los 40 años para la celebración de una fiesta nacional marroquí para la recuperación de nuestras provincias del sur y nuestra dignidad nacional.

Esta publicación de mi foto del 6 de noviembre de 2017 es los 42 años para la celebración de una fiesta nacional marroquí para la recuperación de nuestras provincias del sur y nuestra dignidad nacional

42 años y miles de años por venir si no más para celebrar nuestra dignidad como One Nation, One People et One Marruecos de las olas del Mediterráneo Orillas a las Dunas de las Arenas y la Costa Atlántica:

Viva Marruecos

EL MANSOURES DOUKKALAIS MORRO

De Fortaleza de Mazagão

Em 2009 a Fortaleza de Mazagão foi classificada como uma das Sete Maravilhas de Origem Portuguesa no Mundo.

Illustrations : El Mariachi Marroqui Said El Mansour Cherkaoui

On this day 8 years ago

Said El Mansour Cherkaoui November 6, 2015  ·

LE SAHARA: L’INSPIRATION, LE RÉVEIL ET LE RENOUVEAU DU NATIONALISME MAROCAIN

SAHARA: INSPIRATION, AWAKENING AND RENEWAL OF MOROCCAN NATIONALISM

sáhara, el inspiration el despertar y la renovación del nacionalismo marroquí

SAHARA MARROQUÍ – SAHARA MAROCAIN – MOROCCAN SAHARA – الصحراء المغربية – המרוקאי סהרה

MARCHE DE LIBERTÉ – LIBERTY WALK – CAMINO A LA LIBERTAD –

المسيرة الخضرا من أجل الحرية

SAHARA SHABAT SHALOM

Date: 5 novembre 1975

En 1975, le Maroc soumet la question de ses droits sur le territoire à la Cour internationale de la Haye. Il s’engage à respecter la décision, mais lorsque sa demande est rejetée, le roi Hassan II organise une grande «marche verte» le 6 novembre 1975. À cette occasion, une marée humaine de 350 000 Marocains prend le contrôle symbolique du territoire. Entre-temps, un accord tripartite est conclu avec l’Espagne et la Mauritanie pour le transfert du contrôle du territoire. Il permet à l’Espagne de se retirer, tout en conservant ses investissements dans les mines de phosphates. Selon cet accord, le Maroc reçoit deux tiers du territoire (la partie nord) et la Mauritanie l’autre tiers (la partie sud). Le Maroc prend possession du territoire au début de 1976 et convoque une assemblée de tribus qui reconnaissent sa souveraineté.

DISCOURS OF HASSAN II – SPEECHES OF HASSAN II – discurso de Hassan II – خطاب الحسن الثاني – נאום חסן השני

“Louange à Dieu,

“Cher Peuple,

“Dieu Le Très-Haut a dit dans Son Livre sacré : “Quand ta décision est prise, aie confiance en Dieu, car, en vérité, Le Très-Haut aime ceux qui s’en remettent à Lui”.

“Effectivement, Cher Peuple, Notre décision est prise, celle d’entreprendre notre Marche Verte pacifique et irréversible, forts de notre bon droit, Nous aurons à nos côtés nos frères et amis, ne comptant que sur notre ferme détermination et notre foi inébranlable.

“A peine avions-Nous annoncé Notre décision d’entreprendre cette Marche bénie que tu t’es porté d’un même élan pour répondre à Notre appel. Du reste, cette noblesse a toujours été ton apanage.

Elle a fait de toi un peuple qui a servi d’exemple et qui a inspiré les plus belles pages de l’Histoire.

“Cher peuple,

“Ainsi que nous l’avions affirmé, la Marche Verte constitue pour nous une source où nous avons puisé, pour nous et pour les autres, des leçons et des enseignements.

“Cher peuple,

“En premier lieu, Nous avons acquis la conviction à présent que le Maroc et son devenir sont entre les mains de patriotes sûrs, convaincus, généreux et attachés plus que jamais à leur sol et à leur emblème. “Tu administres ainsi la preuve, une nouvelle fois, Cher peuple, de ta capacité de te dépenser, sans limites aucunes, corps, âme et biens. Pour ta Patrie, tu sais sacrifier spontanément jusqu’au réconfort d’être dans ton foyer. “Ta conduite constitue véritablement un motif de fierté pour celui que Dieu aura désigné pour présider à ta destinée. Il ne peut qu’en louer Le Tout-Puissant et l’implorer de l’assister pour s’acquitter envers toi des devoirs de sa charge.

“Quant aux enseignements qu’il convient de tirer, en second lieu, ils résident dans le fait qu’à présent nous avons pu identifier d’une manière précise qui sont nos véritables amis et frères et ceux qui ont voulu voir le problème de la même optique qu’un étranger.

“Au niveau de ce qui a été écrit et dit à ce propos, nous avons pu constater qu’au début, certains n’ont pas cru devoir nous prendre au sérieux. Ils y ont vu une aventure et une manoeuvre politique destinée à couvrir nos problèmes et nos défauts.

“En fait, ceux qui ont tenu ou écrit de tels propos se divisent en deux catégories : ceux qui ne connaissent pas le Maroc et on ne saurait leur en tenir rigueur , et ceux qui, malgré leur parfaite connaissance de notre pays, ont maintenu leurs allégations. Ce faisant, ces derniers ont donné libre cours à leur ressentiment à l’égard de ce pays qui, grâce à Dieu, ne cessera d’administrer des leçons et des exemples.

“Cher peuple,

“Nous n’avons pas manqué d’enregistrer ta réaction et de suivre ton comportement aussi bien dans les campagnes que dans les confins du Sahara depuis que Nous t’avons annoncé Notre décision d’entreprendre la Marche Verte.

“Nous n’y avons relevé que satisfaction, sérénité, réjouissance et liesse.

“Cher peuple,

“Par ce comportement, tu as sans doute pu incarner ce que notre époque a feint d’oublier, parmi tant d’autres voies, celles de la paix et de la conciliation. “La Marche marocaine constitue de nos jours un véritable miracle, car l’homme semble oublier qu’il peut, par une simple marche pacifique, aboutir à des résultats que n’en obtiendrait une entreprise militaire.

“Cher peuple,

“Ces leçons que prodigue l’Histoire et que d’autres ont oubliées, toi tu as su les retenir. Tu as su, quant à toi, te parer de vertus qui ont permis au début de notre siècle aux grands penseurs et dirigeants politiques ou syndicaux de se doter des moyens de vaincre toutes formes de contrainte et d’oppression. Ce combat a permis à notre époque de jouir des bienfaits de la démocratie, des droits de l’Homme et de la justice sociale.

“Il est pour le moins paradoxal qu’au moment où de telles valeurs sont délaissées, tu ne les as, toi Cher Peuple, nullement perdues de vue. Et Nous tirons une légitime fierté d’être le Serviteur que le Tout-Puissant a choisi pour te conduire vers des horizons meilleurs au profit de nos enfants et de notre grande famille, la communauté internationale.

“Cher peuple,

“Demain, tu franchiras la frontière. Demain , tu entameras ta Marche. Demain, tu fouleras une terre qui est tienne.

Tu palperas des sables qui sont tiens. Demain, tu embrasseras un sol qui fait partie intégrante de ton cher pays. “En Notre qualité de Guide, d’Amir Al Mouminine et de Responsable de ta politique, Nous voudrions te faire quelques recommandations.

“Cher peuple,

“D’abord, dès que tu auras franchi la frontière, tu dois faire tes dévotions, tourner vers la Mecque pour rendre grâce au Très-Haut”.

“Ensuite, il faut que tu saches que cette phase de la Marche diffère de celle qui l’a précédée, en ce sens qu’elle exige de toi, une plus grande discipline. Afin de mener cette Marche à son terme, tu te dois d’obéir et d’appliquer à la lettre les consignes de ceux qui sont chargés de ton encadrement.

“Cher peuple,

“Enfin, ainsi que Nous te l’avions dit dans un premier discours, si tu rencontres un Espagnol, civil ou militaire, échange avec lui le salut et invite-le sous la tente à partager ton repas. “Nous n’avons aucune inimitié à l’égard des Espagnols ni ne ressentons de rancoeur à leur endroit car si nous avions voulu faire la guerre à l’Espagne, nous n’aurions pas envoyé des civils désarmés mais plutôt une armée. Nos intentions ne sont nullement belliqueuses et nous répugnons à toute effusion de sang. Bien au contraire, notre Marche est pacifique.

“Salue donc tout Espagnol que tu pourrais rencontrer. Et si d’aventure , il tire sur toi, poursuis ta Marche, armé de ta seule foi que rien ne saurait ébranler. Au terme de cette Marche , ta conscience n’en sera que plus satisfaisante. “Et s’il advient, Cher peuple , que des agresseurs, autres qu’Espagnols, attentent à ta Marche, sache que ta valeureuse armée est prête à te protéger .

“Cher peuple,

“Ce sont là quelques recommandations que Nous avons voulu te faire avant que tu n’entames ta Marche. “Nous aurions voulu, Cher peuple, prendre la tête de cette Marche. Cependant, le devoir qu’un Chef Suprême lui impose de rester à son poste de commandement pour veiller à l’exécution de ses ordres et demeurer en contact permanent avec les différentes parties du Royaume.

“Sache, Cher peuple, que Nous sommes de tout coeur avec toi et que Notre communion ne sera que plus renforcée lorsque tu fouleras cette terre bénie.

“Cher peuple,

“Ce qui Nous réconforte et Nous réjouit à la fois, est que demain, lorsque ta Marche s’ébranlera, le drapeau marocain ne flottera pas seul. Il sera entouré, par la Grâce de Dieu, d’autres drapeaux appartenant à des pays frères arabes et africains dont l’histoire est prestigieuse. “Va, donc, de l’avant, par la Grâce de Dieu. “Que Dieu raffermisse tes pas et fasse en sorte que ta Marche soit celle de la victoire du peuple marocain et de nos frères sahraouis, qu’il nous tarde vivement de retrouver. “Louons Le Très-Haut de nous avoir guidés dans la voie du Salut, implorons-Le de perpétuer Ses Bienfaits et d’exaucer nos prières”.

Sélection et mise en page par l’équipe de Perspective Monde

All presentations, recherches, works and publications by Said El Mansour Cherkaoui – Said Cherkaoui and Dr. Said El Mansour Cherkaoui is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Sport in the Plural for Morocco

Sport au Pluriel pour le Maroc

Sport au Pluriel pour le Maroc

https://wordpress.com/post/marocroissance.wordpress.com/119

However, the number of sports facilities established by the M.J.S. which is the responsible service, remains unable to meet the needs of Moroccan youth, especially those under 25 who constitute approximately 60% of the population and are moving towards sports practice for several reasons:

• The unemployment rate is concentrated in the 15 to 25 age group (56% in 1992);
• Development of leisure activities to fill the idleness of the population;
• Passive youth entertainment;

The educational concept for idle young people.

Thus the M.J.S. only receives 0.6% of the state budget, according to DRONET Karim (1997),
the latest census shows that: 196 sports facilities belong to the M.J.S., compared to 2900 that belong to the M.E.N., 621 to the municipalities, and 460 to the private sector. All these means remain insufficient to meet the demand of Moroccan youth in terms of sports practice, a good number of young people thus find themselves in the neighborhoods, in the middle of the road, or even on the beaches and in wastelands.
So we can say that Moroccan sport, despite its positive results at the international level thanks to the collection of a few medals by a sporting elite in athletics and more particularly in middle distance, long distance, and cross country; still visibly lacks the means to develop and contribute to the development of its youth.

Concerning football, from the beginning of the eighties, we tried to renew the Moroccan selection with another younger one following a succession of defeats, this new formation began its international career with participation in the African championship in 1981 where she ranked third due to lack of experience. After a succession of Moroccan and European coaches, just before the Mediterranean games in Casablanca which represented a major challenge for those in charge, responsibility was entrusted to Brazilian executives who achieved a great feat with the new training and they won the IX Mediterranean Games, then management was entrusted to another Brazilian executive FARIA thanks to whom the Moroccan selection continued its successes with a very good demonstration during the 1986 Mexico World Cup after a success during which it was the first African team to reach the first round of this cup in the history of football. After a relapse in the international level of Moroccan training, Moroccan executives who were entrusted with the task of leading this selection towards a better level had to wait until 1994 when the Moroccan team obtained its ticket to the World Cup. world of football in the USA, unfortunately, its representation disappointed the faithful of Moroccan football and since then we have always looking for executives and talents who allow excellent representation of the country in events international, but to reach this level we must equip ourselves with the means, the skills, and a real sports policy in Morocco and not an occasional and short-term policy.

Saïd Zerzouri: The history of sport in Morocco, October 2006, Free University of Brussels

Click to access histoire_du_sport_au_Maroc%5B1%5D.pdf

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Sport has become a lever for development and a real tool for growth for many countries around the world. In Morocco, sport is still relegated to a secondary role and has still not effectively integrated the development model initiated by the various governments that have succeeded one another over the last 20 years.

It is to shed light on the importance of this sector in the development of our country at the political and socio-economic levels, but also on the obstacles that prevent it from participating in development that the Scientific Observatory of Studies on Governance and Management organized, Thursday in Rabat, a study day with the participation of many actors linked to the world of sport in Morocco. Thus, during this conference, the speakers focused at length on the role of sport in our country, but also on the obstacles that this sector encounters in our country.

Speaking on “Matin TV”, the director of the Observatory on Governance and Management, Mohammed Guedira, indicated that the dynamic remains limited to integrating sport into the circuit of added value production in our country.

“The problem today is that there is a fundamental dynamic, but it remains unbalanced. We have a locomotive, a few sports, with a few teams in certain sports, but at the heart of these teams, we have a great lack of management, management, and governance.

The other major indicator that prevents sports from progressing in our country is that political parties do not have programs regarding sports. This means that when one of these parties comes to the head of government, it has no vision for the integration of sport into development strategies, knowing that this sector represents 3 to 4% of GDP in the world.

For Hamza Hajoui, president of Fath Union Sport, the growth of sport requires transparent economic management and trust.

“I think the interest in sport in the national economy is constantly growing. It is an economy that must be governed in a good way, and this requires the factors of transparency and trust, transparency which rhymes with what is happening at the level of the Royal Moroccan Football Federation, with the transformation of clubs into limited companies, but also what is being done at the level of the Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports.

The Development Process of the New Football Strategy in Morocco:

We recommend an approach that provides and consolidates the bases and training structures, thus facilitating more adequate adaptation and integration of appropriate and innovative techniques in the detection, selection, recruitment, training, and modernization of means and techniques implemented. This will create renewable and constant resources, both in terms of the technical quality and civic personality of the players and that of the management.

These two vectors should be oriented towards the creation and application of a regionalized strategy in its national application, while not losing sight of its international standing targets, through a consolidation of the corresponding objectives, whether in the sense of performance, or control of adjacent and constituent stages.

This mastery of the process of integrating the training strategy through controlled progression should allow the enhancement not only of the quality of the game but also to facilitate the sharing of technical, administrative, and management skills of the entire strategy. of renewal of capacities and the development of the football potential of our Moroccan youth.

The first structures should also include training centers and youth and talent detection units. The designation of responsibilities and the setting of expected returns should induce, at all levels of the application of this strategy, a sort of identification of potential, a definition of contributions, and above all the establishment of open communication between all stakeholders. concerned bodies, to facilitate mutual commitment and cohesion of decisions, necessary for the renewal or modification of tactics and techniques, necessary for improving performance.

Our global vision at the regional level, while aiming at the national and international level, in its purpose and its performance. This implies an integration of new techniques, capable of allowing the improvement of the quality of operations and the results planned in this direction, at all levels.

Youth Training Centers, the cornerstone of the Moroccan Football Development Strategy:

We encourage the establishment of networks leading to the promotion of a national football development strategy as a strategy of the training center which is part of and optimizes the overall development strategy of the club.

For this objective, the value of the contribution of technical management must focus, among other things, on stimulating the community football movement, scouting work, and training young people, at the level of the management framework. and recruitment on the one hand and the mobilization of human resources for the development of this sport, on the other.

With this in mind, it became essential to put in place acceptance and training structures at the primary-secondary school l, which would also be of an educational and training nature. Not only in football but also in preparing these young people for professional development. And this on an academic level also through the development of school football.

Therefore, a partnership is essential between regions, schools, training centers, amateur clubs, and professional clubs, to guarantee good visibility for the best talents.

The primary goal is that a balance is achieved at the level of the definition of the career of a young recruited player, namely the pursuit and achievement of an efficient and productive harmony for the investment of young people in their life as a footballer. and that of students.

For this, the motivations of these young people are consolidated not only in the practice of football but also, in the integration of football, on a social level, as a contribution

beneficial to youth and by extension, to Moroccan society in its entirety. Therefore, post-training management must be adequate and productive and therefore encouraged.

In other words, the economic efficiency and profitability of a training center become the hub of the success of a sporting career and also the expression of the quality of the partnership established between the various institutions and organizations concerned. through the development of quality, high-level football.

Two parallel and complementary paths lead this strategy towards success in terms of the economic efficiency of the training center which remains the common denominator of the national football development strategy.

The first path lies in the management of the training center based on an economic objective of profit and this is through the sale of the best talents to the best bidder. And in this perspective, FC Porto and Arsenal have made hundreds of millions of euros in a decade from the resale of young players.

The second way is to train high-level young people who would bring sporting excellence to the club and at the same time opportunities to develop.

This option is specific to FC Barcelona which, as the most successful club in Europe, has a major squad with a typical eleven made up of 80% players from its training center.

The common point between these two directions remains fundamentally the training and management of young people, which should occupy the forefront of Moroccan sport by becoming the main concern of national football leaders.

For this, we consider football as a path towards empowerment and youth commitment towards participation through their intrinsic sporting qualities: quality performances (pillars of development) and progress throughout Morocco.

Morocco and the Global Auto Industry

Originally published and posted on May 16, 2023 and Updated on October 9, 2023 – 10/30/23

Said El Mansour Cherkaoui • You •

International Affairs Analyst

saidcherkaoui@triconsultingkyoto.com – https://triconsultingkyoto.com

Morocco Made Automotive Drives and Strives

Nassim Belkhayat

October Month World-Class Executive

Nassim Belkhayat is an Active Member of the World-Class EcoSystem with his Innovative 100% Moroccan Driving Machine NEO MOTORS; he is also One of our First Member at our Group: African Moroccan Diaspora: World Class Executives.

Proud to count Nassim Belkhayat among peers and acquaintances of African Moroccan Diaspora: World Class Executives.

In the Name of our Group and moroccodigitall.com News Report Staff, we address to you our Congratulations for your continual progress and achievement toward reaching the peak of success for the Automobile Marocana “NEO MOTORS” MADE IN MOROCCO

• 6 months up to today date 5/1 mo •

Automotive Industry: Regional Versus International Strategy

N.B.: Frontpage picture of the Blue Car in the First Floor Parking taken by Said El Mansour Cherkaoui The continual globalization of the automotive industry is actually tested by internal and multipolar competition as well as international reconfiguration of the relationship between North and Southern economies imposing the selection of models that are low-cost models, competitively priced, produced in large scale and closer to the market of their final demands. … Continue reading

MAN Genius and NAMX HydroGenius

Said El Mansour Cherkaoui  6 months ago 7 min read more at this:

MAN Genius and NAMX HydroGenius

Editor Desk 🌎 Update and Initial Publications: 11/24/2022 – 7/12/2022 – 6/8/2022 – 5/30/2022 🌍 ★ Analyst World … Continue reading MAN Genius and NAMX HydroGenius

Automotive Industry: World Perspectives

Editor Desk … Continue reading Automotive Industry: World Perspectives – SUPPORT AFRICA MOROCCO DIGITALL

SUPPORT MOROCCO DIGITALL

CARING / CARRYING GIFTS OF NAMX INNOVATION

FRESH DIRECT NAMX ORANGE FROM MOROCCO

Faouzi ANNAJAH
Thomas DE LUSSAC
Said Cherkaoui

Walk Baby Walk on the Wild Side of the Street that Never Sleeps
Walk and Talk Baby Next will be NamX driving Broadway
Walk Baby Walk on the Bitumen Talk to Get Tunes Men
Don’t Just Hit the Road Jack Hit the Road Najah
Come Back Again when the Answer is in the Wind
Drive From New York to Frisco Bay
While Singing I Did it My Way
Here I come Here I Go, I Got You Baby Under my Skin
I Got you Happy and I Got You Baby like my Dream
Rock the Casbah from the Land of Renault to Fremont
Roll over Beethoven I am Driving the Clouds from Morocco to California Land
Go Faouzi Go Faouzi Go Go Be Good

by Said El Mansour Cherkaoui
saidcherkaoui@triconsultingkyoto.com

#greenenergy #renewableenergy #hydrogène #hydrogen #car #automotiveindustry #automobile #carindustry #clouds #like #namx #saidelmansourcherkaoui #france #innovation

Faouzi ANNAJAH • 1st• 1st CEO & Founder at NamXCEO & Founder at NamX

6mo • up to today 5/16/2023 •

Next level 🇺🇸
CapX innovation in NYC.
NamX is more than a car company… See you later for the next milestones.
#namx #capx #hydrogen #capsule #futureofmobility

Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Publications on NamX

Hydrogen Utility Vehicule Named NamX

 

Sky is the Limit: NAMX Hydrogenius

DESIGN PININFARINAMAX HUV

LE MATIN qui Révolutionne le Plagiat et le Déni a Outrance

A series of articles and analyzes on the continual globalization of the automotive industry which is tested by internal and multipolar competition as well as international imposing the is looking not only for new outlets but above all for new production methods, new locations and other supplies and a dowser by equipment manufacturers. This new composition of the automobile industry was and continues to be guided by the realization of productions relatively less expensive and more competitive than the international scales.

Thus globalization and the integration of advanced robotic production techniques have allowed the relocation of car manufacturing companies without having to adapt to the cultural environment or the local operational conditions or even the degree of development of the place, region and country where the car producers settled.

The profit margin achieved is increased by the reduction of wage costs, the rolling of the rights and social benefits given to the workers are supplemented by favors and facilities granted by the host country which play the role of magnet of attraction for the automobile manufacturers.

The second challenge is internal and specific to the emergence of electric cars which have managed to establish themselves as a serious alternative to traditional models using gasoline or diesel as fuel. Thus, the global automotive industry is currently distinguished by an international and national strategy characterized by change and continuity

4/4/2023

Une série d’articles et d’analyses sur la globalisation continuelle de l’industrie automobile qui est mise à l’épreuve par une concurrence interne et multipolaire ainsi que internationale imposant la recherche non seulement de nouveaux débouchés mais surtout de nouvelles méthodes de productions, de nouvelles localisations et autres approvisionnement et un sourcier par des équipementiers. Cette composition nouvelle de l’industrie automobile fut et continue d’etre guidée par la réalisation de productions relativement moins coûteuses et plus compétitive que les barèmes internationaux.

Ainsi la globalisation et l’intégration de techniques robotiques avancées de production ont permis la relocalisation des entreprises de fabrication de voitures et cela sans avoir a s’adapter a l’environnement culturel ou les conditions locales opérationnelles ou même le degré de développement du lieu, de la région et du pays ou s’installaient les producteurs de voitures.

La marge de profit réalisée est accrue par la réduction des coûts salariaux, le laminage des droits et des bénéfices sociaux accordés aux travailleurs sont complétés par des faveurs et des facilités octroyées par le pays hôte qui jouent le rôle d’aimant d’attractivité pour les constructeurs d’automobile.

Le second défi est d’ordre interne et propre a l’Émergence de voitures électriques qui sont arrives a s’imposer comme une alternative sérieuse aux modèles traditionnels utilisant l’essence ou le diesel comme carburant. Ainsi, l’industrie automobile global se distingue actuellement par une stratégie internationale et nationale caractérisée par le changement et la continuité

Tesla’s tactic of pruning back prices this year is beginning to bear fruit. The electric vehicle maker enjoyed a five percent sales increase in the first quarter and delivered a record 422,875 vehicles, which was just below Wall Street’s estimates. The company has addressed the long waits — typically driven by limited production capabilities — that have often marked the buying experience by ramping up outputs at plants in Austin, Texas, and in Germany. Still, some analysts are concerned about whether Tesla can maintain the growth without further price cuts.

• Tesla’s first quarter deliveries represent a 36% increase compared to the same period last year and 4% more than its previous quarter. Its previous delivery record was roughly 405,000 cars in one quarter.
• Tesla recently issued a recall for 35 of its electric Semis over a faulty parking brake.
• The company is also facing a probe from the National Highway and Traffic Safety Administration over malfunctioning seat belts.
• Tesla shares fell as much as 5% Monday morning.

Trilogie sur un Quadricycle: Citroën Ami au Maroc

Présentation d’une trilogie que j’ai rédigé et traduit aussi en Français sur ce Tricycle – Auto Citroën Ami Citroën Ami…

Citroën Ami in USA: Quadricycle ou EV?

En tant que Nord-Américain, il y a quelque chose à propos de la Citroën Ami qui n’a tout simplement pas de sens. Pourquoi avoir un véhicule qui n’est pas assez grand pour faire des choses en voiture et qui n’est pas assez petit pour faire des choses à vélo ? Tout le monde, cependant, comprend les … Continuer de lire

No Ami No Ennemi Just Profit: Citroën Ami more Expensive in Morocco than France ?

 Citroën Ami for Postal Workers  June 14, 2022 – Said El Mansour Cherkaoui, Ph.D.  Le Changement dans la Continuité du… JUN 15, 2022

Citroën Ami for Postal Workers

No Ami No Ennemi Just Profit: Citroën Ami more Expensive in Morocco than France ? I am your Friend in… JUN 14, 2022 

Renault Digital

Renault Group1,083,410 followers • Renault Digital organized last week at Viva Technology the “DIY #Robocars France-Grand Prix Renault Digital”: a unique tournament with autonomous scale-model cars. … Continue reading

Renault Digital Calculated Moves with Qualcomm

 February 14, 2022  admin JAN 4, 2022 LAS VEGAS Three key digital themes  Connected traveler Autonomous vehicles Digitizing…

Renault Gagne la partie sur la Terre Battue du Terrain Marocain

 June 7, 2022  admin

Renault Tangier Med: Winning the Game in the Road to Morocco

 June 6, 2022  admin – Renault Tanger Med : Gagner la partie sur la route du Maroc Internationalisation de…

Invest in Morocco – Renault

Investing in Morocco – Opportunities for growth and a dynamic environment to do business Bridge to Europe, Bridge to Europe, Gateway to Africa, Gateway to Africa and the Door to the Mediterranean Portal for the Mediterranean and Window to the Atlantic. To find out more Morocco Initially, there was the Emergence Plan, initiated following … Lire la suite « Invest in Morocco – Renault »

Morocco – Auto-mobility – Digitech – Logistics

 February 9, 2022  admin Showroom Vroom Renault ★ Nissan MOROCCO TODAY Tech Industrialization Despite the semiconductors’ global shortage,…

Tesla Motors

 April 2, 2022 admin Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Publications on Tesla Tesla Transfermotion Mis en avant Tesla Global Car…

Le Maroc Numérique et l’Intégration Régionale et Internationale

 March 1, 2022  admin – Published on January 16, 2018 Edit article View stats Said El Mansour Cherkaoui, Ph.D.★…

BAGNOLE CHERKAOUI

Websites Social Media Groups Pages of Said El Mansour Cherkaoui

Dr. Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Links of Web and Social Media Sites

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Tesla Model Y & Model 3

Tesla Top Made in USA

TOYOTA TAKEOVER

For the first time since 1931, G.M. has been outsold in the U.S. by Toyota. Both companies sold over two million vehicles.

TOYOTA TAKEOVER: For the first time since 1931, G.M. has been outsold in the U.S. by Toyota. Both companies sold over two million vehicles. pic.twitter.com/KaYifVznd4

— CBS Evening News (@CBSEveningNews) January 5, 2022

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BMW Robotechuman Assembly Line

An assembly line is a production process that breaks the manufacture of a good into steps that are completed in a pre-defined sequence. Assembly lines are the most commonly used method in the mass production of products. They reduce labor costs because unskilled workers are trained to perform specific tasks.

World Cup 2030: Triangle Intercontinental, Paix Progrès et Partage

Said El Mansour Cherkaoui is a former member of the Moroccan National Pre-Olympic Team of Handball and the Moroccan National team of Basketball. Said El Mansour is also former player-member of ASPTT Section BasketBall – Handball of the Academy of Languedoc-Roussillon – Montpellier, France. In Morocco, he played Volleyball with El Jadida Olympic Club) and Football with Rachad Club d’El Jadida – Diffaa Hassani Jadidi as well as in France with the A.S. Bourg-La-Reine. In Fencing Category Fleuret Minime, he was the Vice Champion in Morocco with the Cercle d’Escrime de Mazagan – El Jadida – Morocco. 

More details on the sports trajectory and the athletic path in multiple sports, in El Jadida (Morocco), Montpellier (France), Munster (Allemagne), Grenoble et Bourg-la-Reine (France), can be accessed in the 2 following links which include corresponding pictures:

Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Sport Bio and International Team Member

Photo Legend: Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Flying over the defense. He held the positions of Team Coach, Team Captain and Player at the Handball Team of the Academie de Montpellier, Academic Championship of France

Said El Mansour Cherkaoui El Jadida Doukkala Maroc Morocco Africa

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Said El Mansour Cherkaoui • 1st • 

African Moroccan Diaspora – English Version Française @ LinkedIn

Avec un Grand Plaisir et un Sentiment de Fiérté Sportive vu ma Propre Contribution Directe dans la formation et l’encadrement de Sportifs et d’Athlètes autour de moi au Maroc, en France et en Allemagne. 

Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Sport Bio and International Team Member

J’ai débuté la pratique du sport depuis l’Âge de 8 ans comme membre du Club de Tennis de Mazagan – El Jadida. A l’âge de 12, je faisais parti de l’Equipe de Volley Ball du College Poly qui decroche la seconde place dans le Championnat des Jeux Scolaires au Maroc en Catégorie Minime. 

La suite fut un parcours sans faute:

– Basketball (Sélection en Équipe Nationale Marocaine et Joueur Professionnel en France)

– Football (Finaliste du Tournoi Interville, Joueur Titulaire au Rachad et Reserve du Diffaa Hassani Jadidi ainsi que Titulaire de l’Equipe de A.S. Bourg-La-Reine en France)

– Handball (Demi-Finaliste Jeux Scolaires. Titulaire a l’EJUC et l’USEJ et Titulaire de l’Equipe National Marocaine A et Pré-Olympique / Participation aux Éliminatoires des Jeux Olympiques, Zone Afrique) et Titulaire de l’Equipe Allemande Premiere Division, Munster 08.

More details on Said El Mansour Cherkaoui – Said Cherkaoui‘s sports trajectory and his diverse and rich athletic path in multiple sports, in El Jadida (Morocco), Montpellier (France), Munster (Allemagne), Grenoble et Bourg-la-Reine (France), can be accessed in the 2 following links which include corresponding pictures:

Said El Mansour Cherkaoui Sport Bio and International Team Member

The Kingdom of Morocco in its National Territorial Sovereignty Celebrates the International Recognition of its … Continue readingSaid El Mansour Cherkaoui Sport Bio and International Team Member – REBUILDING MOROCCO

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En tant que sportif de carrière et d’esprit ainsi que d’existence, nous célébrons avec le Souverain du Royaume du Maroc, avec toutes les Marocaines et tous les Marocains dans ce monde en félicitant les responsables de la réalisation et l’aboutissement heureux pour nous toutes et tous d’accueillir le reste du monde dans notre Pays, Région et Continent Africain et cela au sein et dans notre Souveraineté Nationale Territoriale qui est ainsi reconnue internationalement a la fois en tant que Intégrité Territoriale et comme la Capacité Avancée de Préparation d’un Événement d’Envergure International Capable de Rapprocher les Peuples et les Cultures du Monde autour d’une Seule et Unique Festivité Sportive de Facture Mondiale et un Festival de Football d’une Dimension Nationale, Intercontinentale et Globale.
#maroc #morocco #madeinmorocco #marocroissance #sports #worldcup2023 #saidelmansourcherkaoui

LE MAROC REÇOIT LE RESTE DU MONDE À BRAS OUVERT, AVEC GÉNÉROSITÉ ET HOSPITALITÉ COMME D’HABITUDE

MOROCCO RECEIVES THE REST OF THE WORLD WITH OPEN ARMS, GENEROSITY, AND HOSPITALITY AS USUAL

En tant que sportif de carrière et d’esprit ainsi que d’existence, nous célébrons avec le Souverain du Royaume du Maroc, avec toutes les Marocaines et tous les Marocains dans ce monde en félicitant les responsables de la réalisation et l’aboutissement heureux pour nous toutes et tous d’accueillir le reste du monde dans notre Pays, Région et Continent Africain et cela au sein et dans notre Souveraineté Nationale Territoriale qui est ainsi reconnue internationalement a la fois en tant que Intégrité Territoriale et comme la Capacité Avancée de Préparation d’un Événement d’Envergure International Capable de Rapprocher les Peuples et les Cultures du Monde autour d’une Seule et Unique Festivité Sportive de Facture Mondiale et un Festival de Football d’une Dimension Nationale, Intercontinentale et Globale.

As a sportsman of career and spirit as well as existence, we celebrate with the Sovereign of the Kingdom of Morocco, with all Moroccans in this world by congratulating those responsible for the achievement and the happy outcome for all of us to welcome the rest of the world to our Country, Region, and African Continent and this within and in our National Territorial Sovereignty which is thus internationally recognized both as Territorial Integrity and as the Advanced Capacity for Preparing an Event of International Scale Capable of Bringing Together the Peoples and Cultures of the World around a One and Only Global Sports Festivity and a Football Festival of a National, Intercontinental and Global Dimension.

Triangle Intercontinental de Paix Sociale, Progrès Economique et Partage Populaire

3 Continents Europe, Afrique et Amérique Latine Ensemble Célèbrent 100 ans d’Existence de la Coupe du Monde

Dans un arrangement inhabituel, trois pays d’Amérique du Sud – l’Argentine, le Paraguay et l’Uruguay – accueilleront chacun un seul match d’ouverture à domicile, puis rejoindront le reste du peloton pour le reste du tournoi, qui se déroulera en Espagne et au Portugal et le Maroc.

“En 2030, la Coupe du Monde de la FIFA réunira trois continents et six pays, invitant le monde entier à se joindre à la célébration du beau jeu, du centenaire et de la Coupe du Monde de la FIFA elle-même”, a déclaré la FIFA dans un communiqué à l’issue de la réunion.

GENEVA (AP) — The 2030 men’s soccer World Cup is set to feature games in six countries on three continents in a unique format that will allow the tournament to celebrate its 100th anniversary in Uruguay.

FIFA reached an agreement Wednesday between soccer’s continental leaders to accept a bid spearheaded by co-hosts Spain, Portugal, and Morocco as the only candidate for the hosting rights. The agreement also includes staging games in South American countries Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, which had earlier promoted a rival co-hosting bid.

Those three countries will each host one match to start the tournament, which allows FIFA to stage the opening game in the Uruguayan capital of Montevideo, where the Centenario Stadium hosted the inaugural 1930 World Cup final.

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GINEBRA (AP) — La Copa Mundial de fútbol masculino de 2030 incluirá partidos en seis países de tres continentes en un formato único que permitirá que el torneo celebre su centenario en Uruguay.

La FIFA llegó a un acuerdo el miércoles entre los líderes continentales del fútbol para aceptar una candidatura encabezada por los coanfitriones España, Portugal y Marruecos como único candidato a los derechos de sede. El acuerdo también incluye la organización de juegos en los países sudamericanos Argentina, Paraguay y Uruguay, que anteriormente habían promovido una oferta rival para ser coanfitriones.

Cada uno de esos tres países albergará un partido para iniciar el torneo, lo que permitirá a la FIFA organizar el partido inaugural en la capital uruguaya de Montevideo, donde el Estadio Centenario fue sede de la final inaugural de la Copa del Mundo de 1930.

جنيف (أ ف ب) – من المقرر أن تشمل بطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم للرجال 2030 مباريات في ستة بلدان في ثلاث قارات في شكل فريد من شأنه أن يسمح للبطولة بالاحتفال بالذكرى المئوية لتأسيسها في أوروغواي.

توصل الاتحاد الدولي لكرة القدم (الفيفا) إلى اتفاق يوم الأربعاء بين زعماء قارات كرة القدم لقبول العرض الذي تقدمت به إسبانيا والبرتغال والمغرب باعتبارها المرشح الوحيد لحقوق الاستضافة. ويتضمن الاتفاق أيضًا تنظيم مباريات في دول أمريكا الجنوبية، الأرجنتين وباراجواي وأوروغواي، التي روجت في وقت سابق لعرض منافس لاستضافة البطولة.

وستستضيف كل من هذه الدول الثلاث مباراة واحدة لبدء البطولة، مما يسمح للاتحاد الدولي لكرة القدم بإقامة المباراة الافتتاحية في عاصمة أوروغواي مونتيفيديو، حيث استضاف ملعب سينتيناريو المباراة النهائية لكأس العالم عام 1930.

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GINEBRA (AP) — La Copa Mundial de fútbol masculino de 2030 incluirá partidos en seis países de tres continentes en un formato único que permitirá que el torneo celebre su centenario en Uruguay.

La FIFA llegó a un acuerdo el miércoles entre los líderes continentales del fútbol para aceptar una candidatura encabezada por los coanfitriones España, Portugal y Marruecos como único candidato a los derechos de sede. El acuerdo también incluye la organización de juegos en los países sudamericanos Argentina, Paraguay y Uruguay, que anteriormente habían promovido una oferta rival para ser coanfitriones.

Cada uno de esos tres países albergará un partido para iniciar el torneo, lo que permitirá a la FIFA organizar el partido inaugural en la capital uruguaya de Montevideo, donde el Estadio Centenario fue sede de la final inaugural de la Copa del Mundo de 1930.

MOROCCO – PORTUGAL – SPAIN – and – ARGENTINA – PARAGUAY – URUGUAY AND THE REST OF THE WORLD AROUND THE ONE AND THE ONLY ONE, THE WORLD CUP 2030

#WorldCup2030:

His Majesty King Mohammed VI is pleased to announce that the unique joint bid of Morocco, Spain, and Portugal has been unanimously selected by the FIFA Executive Committee to host the 2030 FIFA World Cup, with Three games in South America.

Ladies and Gentlemen Put Your Hands Together and Applaud and Congratulate the Winners for the Organization of the Next World Cup of Football – Soccer: Morocco – Portugal – Spain

Fortaleza Mazagao – Mazagan – El Jadida, the First Portuguese City Built on the African Continent, is your Lifetime Chance to Put Everything Together and Be a Playing Field and Partner in this World-Class Event. Get Ready Doukkala, the Entire World is coming to you. Welcome and Thousand Times Welcome

المغرب – البرتغال – إسبانيا – و – بقية العالم حول العالم الواحد والوحيد، كأس العالم 2030

#كأس العالم

2030 يسر صاحب الجلالة الملك محمد السادس أن يعلن أن العرض المشترك الفريد للمغرب وإسبانيا والبرتغال قد تم اختياره بالإجماع من قبل اللجنة التنفيذية للفيفا لاستضافة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 2030, مع ثلاث مباريات في أمريكا الجنوبية.

السيدات والسادة، ضعوا أيديكم معاً وصفقوا وأهنئوا الفائزين بتنظيم كأس العالم المقبل لكرة القدم – كرة القدم: المغرب – البرتغال – إسبانيا

فورتاليزا مازاغاو – مازاغان – الجديدة، أول مدينة برتغالية مبنية على القارة الأفريقية، هي فرصتك مدى الحياة لتجميع كل شيء معًا وتكون ساحة لعب وشريكًا في هذا الحدث العالمي. استعد دكالة، العالم بأكمله قادم إليك. مرحبا بكم وألف مرة مرحبا بكم

MARROCOS – PORTUGAL – ESPANHA – e – O RESTO DO MUNDO EM TORNO DO ÚNICO, A COPA DO MUNDO 2030

#CopaMundial2030:

Sua Majestade o Rei Mohammed VI tem o prazer de anunciar que a candidatura conjunta única de Marrocos, Espanha e Portugal foi selecionada por unanimidade pelo Comité Executivo da FIFA para sediar o Campeonato do Mundo FIFA de 2030, com três jogos na América do Sul.

Senhoras e senhores, juntem as mãos, aplaudam e parabenizem os vencedores pela organização da próxima Copa do Mundo de Futebol – Futebol: Marrocos – Portugal – Espanha

Fortaleza Mazagão – Mazagan – El Jadida, a primeira cidade portuguesa construída no continente africano, é a sua oportunidade vitalícia de juntar tudo e ser um campo de jogo e parceiro neste evento de classe mundial. Prepare-se Doukkala, o mundo inteiro está vindo até você. Bem-vindo e mil vezes bem-vindo

#CopaMundial2030:

Su Majestad el Rey Mohammed VI se complace en anunciar que la candidatura conjunta única de Marruecos, España y Portugal ha sido seleccionada por unanimidad por el Comité Ejecutivo de la FIFA para albergar la Copa Mundial de la FIFA 2030, con tres partidos en Sudamérica.

Señoras y señores, junten las manos y aplaudan y feliciten a los ganadores por la organización del próximo Mundial de Fútbol – Fútbol: Marruecos – Portugal – España

Fortaleza Mazagao – Mazagan – El Jadida, la primera ciudad portuguesa construida en el continente africano, es la oportunidad de su vida de unir todo y ser un campo de juego y socio en este evento de clase mundial. Prepárate Doukkala, el mundo entero viene hacia ti. Bienvenidos y Mil Veces Bienvenidos

#CoupeduMonde2030:

Sa Majesté le Roi Mohammed VI a le plaisir d’annoncer que la candidature conjointe unique du Maroc, de l’Espagne et du Portugal a été sélectionnée à l’unanimité par le Comité Exécutif de la FIFA pour accueillir la Coupe du Monde de la FIFA 2030, avec trois matchs en Amérique du Sud.

Mesdames et Messieurs, joignez les mains, applaudissez et félicitez les vainqueurs pour l’organisation de la prochaine Coupe du Monde de Football – Football : Maroc – Portugal – Espagne

Fortaleza Mazagao – Mazagan – El Jadida, la première ville portugaise construite sur le continent africain, est votre chance à vie de tout mettre en place et d’être un terrain de jeu et un partenaire dans cet événement de classe mondiale. Préparez-vous Doukkala, le monde entier vient à vous. Bienvenue et mille fois bienvenue

Said El Mansour Cherkaoui – Said Cherkaoui – 10/4/2023 – 4/10/2023

saidcherkaoui@triconsultingkyoto.com

Advantages of Investing in Morocco

INVEST IN MOROCCO

Morocco is fast becoming one of the best emerging markets for investment. Over the last decade, Morocco has witnessed an accelerated process of political, economic and social reforms, and its steady economic growth and strategic geographic position make it an investment opportunity well worth considering. 

Morocco’s 2018 Doing Business ranking (69th out of 190 countries), published by the World Bank. http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/morocco 

7 Top Pillars of Business Wisdoms:

• Cost Competitiveness
• Strong and Stable Macroeconomic Performances
• Free Trade Access to One Billion Consumers
• World Class Infrastructure
• Qualified Labor Force
• Sectorial Plans
• Constantly improving business Climate

For more details : http://www.invest.gov.ma/?lang=&Id=3

Strong Points:

– A legal framework and assistance measures very favorable to investors
– Relatively low salaries
– A strategic position, not far from Europe
– A young and relatively well trained population
– Strong growth…

What are the Government measures to motivate or restrict investment in Morocco?

The new investment charter which was introduced in July 2016 as part of Law 60-16, and replacing a previous charter implemented in 1995, creates free-trade zones in each of the 12 regions of the country, recognizes indirect exporter status and creates incentives for export-oriented and industrial companies.
It also restructures investment promotion activities under the centralized Moroccan Agency for Investment Development and Export, including Maroc Export https://marocexport.gov.ma/, the Moroccan Investment Development Agency http://www.invest.gov.ma/, falling under the purview of the Ministry of Industry, Trade, Investment and Digital Economy.
A General Directorate for Trade, a General Directorate for Industry and an agency dedicated to developing the digital economy and e-government were also created under the new charter.

FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) in Figures

After a decline during the global recession, FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) flows to Morocco increased in 2014 and 2015, exceeding USD 3 billion. In 2016, however, flows fell by 29% to USD 2.32 billion. The country’s stability should attract more investors. In addition, a vast project of economic modernisation has been launched to boost FDI. Casablanca in particular aims to become an international financial center. Traditionally, France, Saudi Arabia and Spain have been the three main investors. FDI is mainly concentrated in the real estate sector, followed by industry and tourism.

Source: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

Foreign Direct Investment inflows by country and sector

Source: Foreign Exchange Office of the Ministry of Finance

Investment Opportunities in Morocco

Invest in Morocco

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U.S. Takes the First Spot as Direct Investor in Morocco

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